Overview

Paper: Marine Dgebuadze_APA.pdf • Style: APAiDominant Pattern Analysis Citations: Overall dominant style: APA-like author–date. No page/locator numbers used in any in-text citations. - Indirect — Support (dominant; 12 instances): Predominantly parenthetical citations in the form “(Author, Year)” for single works and “(Author, Year; Author et al., Year)” for multiple works. Features: comma between author and year, semicolons separating multiple sources, “et al.” (with period) for 3+ authors, no locators, and spacing as “; ” after semicolons. Occasional narrative variants appear as “Author (Year)” or “Author et al. (Year)” integrated into the sentence. - Indirect — Background (1 instance): Parenthetical, multiple-source format “(Author et al., Year; Author, Year)”, semicolon-separated, no locators, “et al.” for 3+ authors. - Other — Background (1 instance): Narrative author–date format “Author et al. (Year)”, authors integrated into the prose with the year in parentheses. - Not observed: Direct citations (no quotations or page-specific locators), Mention/Method/Acknowledge/Opposition types not present. Sources: Dominant reference list style: APA 7th–like. - Authors: “Last, F. M.” with periods after initials; authors separated by commas; ampersand “&” before the final author. Full author lists provided (no “et al.” in references). - Year: Publication year in parentheses immediately after authors, followed by a period — “(YYYY).” - Titles: Sentence case for article/book titles. No quotation marks. Source containers (journal/proceedings/book) presented in title case; journals and proceedings functionally treated as the container element (typically italicized; proceedings sometimes explicitly marked with italics via asterisks). - Journal articles: “Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page–page. https://doi.org/…” — comma before volume, issue in parentheses, page range with hyphen/en dash, DOI as an active URL. - Books: “Title. Publisher.” — publisher only (no location), consistent with APA 7th. - Conference proceedings: “In Proceedings Title, page–page. https://doi.org/…” — proceedings title as container (italicized in the provided text), page range, DOI URL. - DOIs/URLs: Included when available and formatted as HTTPS DOI links. - Content completeness: Entries generally include author(s), year, title, container (journal/proceedings/book), volume/issue and pages for articles, publisher for books, and DOI/URL where available.

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Citation Analysis

Total Citations

Correct Citations

Citations Not Found

Wrong Style Citations

Unlikely / False Plausibility

Source Analysis

Total Sources

Verified Sources

Non-Existent Sources

Non-Scientific Sources

Wrong Style Sources

Unused Sources

Incorrect Verification

Summary

Overall, the paper follows an APA-like author–date approach across 14 in-text citations and 12 bibliography entries, but several issues undermine precision, attribution, and retrievability. The most critical problems are ambiguous in-text attributions where multiple works share the same author-year, repeated misuse of “et al.” for a two-author work, inaccurate titles in the reference list (AI misspelled as “Al”), and misordering of multiple citations. These errors affect between one-third and two-thirds of the citations depending on the issue type and must be corrected to preserve academic integrity and enable reliable source verification. Strengths include recency (0 sources older than 10 years), a balanced mix of books, journals, and a reputable conference proceeding, and generally consistent punctuation and spacing in the author–date pattern. However, half of the bibliography entries show inconsistencies, one source is listed but never cited, and the reference list is not fully alphabetical—issues that can impair credibility and reproducibility. Two 2018 Luckin entries are reversed; by title, 'Intelligence unleashed...' should precede 'Machine learning...'. All other entries appear correctly sorted.

Key Findings

! Ambiguous in-text attributions caused by identical author-year pairs lead to unclear source identification. At least 5 of 14 citations (36%) are ambiguous and need disambiguation. Examples: “(Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018)” on p. 2 and “(Huang, 2021)” on p. 3 cannot be uniquely matched because two different 2021 authors share the surname (C. Huang, 2021; W. Huang, 2021). Likewise, “Mollick (2023)” on p. 3 and “(Mollick, 2023)” on p. 3 (two occurrences) are ambiguous because there are two distinct works by the same author in the same year. The analysis flags 9 citations (64%) as lacking a clear, unique match—often due to this ambiguity—compromising traceability and precise attribution.
! Invalid use of “et al.” for a two-author work appears repeatedly, miscrediting authors and violating APA rules. Specifically, Bender and Gebru (2021) are cited as “Bender et al., 2021” in four places: p. 2 (“However… over-rely… (Bender et al., 2021)”), p. 3 (“…concerns… (Bender et al., 2021)”), and two narrative cases on p. 3 (“Bender et al. (2021)” twice). This affects 4 of 14 citations (29%), directly impacting author credit and formal accuracy.
! Reference list accuracy problems: multiple titles contain the “AI”→“Al” typographical error, which hinders discoverability and signals weak quality control. Examples include: “Huang, C. (2021). Al and education…”, “Huang, W. (2021). Ethical considerations in Al-assisted…”, “Luckin et al. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for Al in education.”, “McKnight & Allen (2022). Al applications in academic writing…”, “McKnight, Hobson, & Freeman (2022). Writing with Al…”, and “Mollick (2023). The Al classroom…”. Half of the entries are inconsistent (6 of 12 = 50%), increasing the risk of failed lookups and citation verification errors.
! Misordered multiple-source citations violate APA’s alphabetical ordering rule. Two instances reverse the correct order: p. 2 uses “(Mollick, 2023; Holmes, 2020)” (should be Holmes before Mollick), and p. 3 uses “(Luckin et al., 2018; Holmes, 2020)” (should be Holmes before Luckin et al.). These lapses (2 of 14 = 14%) reduce stylistic consistency and can confuse readers scanning grouped evidence.
! Bibliography organization issues: the reference list is not fully alphabetical and contains a ghost source. The two 2018 Luckin entries are out of order—by title, “Intelligence unleashed…” should precede “Machine learning…”. One source (Selwyn, 2019) is listed but never cited. Such issues disrupt navigability and can mislead readers about the sources actually informing the paper.
✓ Source quality and diversity are generally solid. All 12 sources are recent (0 older than 10 years), covering 2018–2023. There is a balanced mix of types: approximately 5 journal articles, 1 peer-reviewed conference proceeding (FAccT 2021), and 6 books from reputable academic presses (Oxford University Press, Routledge, MIT Press, Springer) and a major publisher (Pearson). No single journal or publisher dominates the list (>30%), and DOIs are included for journal and proceedings items, facilitating verification.
✓ Several in-text practices are correctly applied and consistent. Examples include proper use of “et al.” for three-or-more-author works like “(Luckin et al., 2018)” and “(McKnight et al., 2022)” and correct punctuation and spacing within parenthetical clusters (commas between author and year; semicolons between works). This baseline consistency will make corrections simpler to implement uniformly.

Recommendations

Disambiguate same-surname and same-year citations in-text. For the two 2021 Huang works, include initials every time (e.g., “(C. Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018)” on p. 2 and “(W. Huang, 2021)” on p. 3, as appropriate). For Mollick (2023), assign letter suffixes and apply them consistently in-text and in the reference list: order the two 2023 Mollick entries alphabetically by title (ignoring “The”); “The AI classroom…” becomes 2023a, and “Using AI tools…” becomes 2023b. Update all occurrences: “Mollick (2023a)” on p. 3 and “(Mollick, 2023b)” on p. 3.
Correct the improper use of “et al.” for two-author works. Replace all instances of “Bender et al. (2021)” and “(Bender et al., 2021)” with the proper two-author forms: narrative “Bender and Gebru (2021)” or parenthetical “(Bender & Gebru, 2021)”. Verify each occurrence on p. 2 and p. 3 and amend accordingly.
Fix alphabetical ordering inside multi-source parentheses. On p. 2, change “(Mollick, 2023; Holmes, 2020)” to “(Holmes, 2020; Mollick, 2023)”. On p. 3, change “(Luckin et al., 2018; Holmes, 2020)” to “(Holmes, 2020; Luckin et al., 2018)”. As a rule, always sort entries alphabetically by the first cited surname within a single set of parentheses.
Repair reference titles where “AI” is misspelled as “Al.” Update each affected entry to the correct title so databases and readers can locate them reliably. For example: “AI and education: Possibilities and challenges” (Huang, C., 2021); “Ethical considerations in AI-assisted research and writing” (Huang, W., 2021); “Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education” (Luckin et al., 2018); “AI applications in academic writing and communication” (McKnight & Allen, 2022); “Writing with AI: Enhancing academic success through AI tools” (McKnight, Hobson, & Freeman, 2022); “The AI classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence” (Mollick, 2023). Recheck Selwyn (2019) as well (“AI and the future of education”).
Alphabetize the reference list correctly and synchronize in-text citations with the revised list. Ensure the two 2018 Luckin entries are ordered by title (“Intelligence unleashed…” before “Machine learning and human intelligence…”). After assigning 2023a/2023b to Mollick, reflect these letters in both the reference list and all in-text citations.
Eliminate ghost entries and align coverage. Either cite Selwyn (2019) within the paper where relevant (e.g., on future-of-education framing) or remove it from the reference list. Every reference should have at least one in-text citation.
Perform a one-to-one cross-check between the revised in-text citations and the reference list. Confirm that each in-text citation uniquely maps to a single reference after disambiguation and that there are no unmatched items. Aim to reduce the 9 flagged ambiguous/unmatched instances to zero.
Run a final APA 7 compliance pass. Use a reference manager (e.g., Zotero, EndNote, Mendeley) with APA 7 style to regenerate citations and the bibliography. Verify author name formats, year placement, title sentence case, italics for containers (journals/books/proceedings), DOI URLs, and the correct use of ampersands and commas. This will standardize the document and prevent regressions.
Optionally strengthen academic rigor by increasing the proportion of peer-reviewed journal articles beyond ~50%. Where possible, supplement book-based claims with recent empirical studies and systematic reviews to deepen the evidence base.

PageiThe page number where the citation appears in the document text.	Citation SentenceiThe complete sentence from the document that contains the citation. This provides context for how the source is being used in the text.	ReferenceiThe actual citation text (e.g., "(Smith, 2020)" or "[1]") that appears in the document and refers to a source in the bibliography.	TypeiClassification of citation type: • Direct: Exact words quoted from source (usually with quotation marks) • Indirect: Information paraphrased or summarized • Mention: Work only mentioned/listed among others • Other: Doesn't fit above categories	PurposeiThe purpose of the citation in the text: • Background: Provides context or background information • Support: Supports a claim, argument, or provides data/evidence • Opposition: Highlights disagreement or contrasting findings • Method: References a method, tool, or dataset used • Acknowledge: Builds on or acknowledges prior work • Other: Different purpose	Style AccuracyiWhether the citation follows the specified citation style correctly: • Correct: Follows style guidelines • Incorrect: Violates style rules • Unsure: Unclear or ambiguous formatting Considers language-specific conventions (e.g., German "S." vs English "p.").	Source FoundiVerification of whether the citation has a matching source in the bibliography: • Correct: Citation matches bibliography entry exactly • Uncertain: Minor spelling differences or ambiguity • Incorrect: No matching source found Searches bibliography for author names and publication years.	PlausibilityiAssessment of whether the citation content plausibly matches the referenced source: • Plausible: Citation likely represents source accurately • Likely: Probably accurate but with some uncertainty • Unlikely: Questionable accuracy • Incorrect: Citation does not match source content
2	Advances in natural language processing and machine learning have enabled AI systems to perform tasks that were previously reliant on human input, such as drafting text, analyzing data, and summarizing complex concepts (Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018).	(Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018)	IndirectParaphrases general findings; no quotation marks or exact wording from sources.	SupportProvides evidence that AI systems can handle tasks like drafting text and data analysis.	Correct Multiple sources are listed in one parenthetical citation, separated by semicolons, as APA requires. Sources are ordered alphabetically by first author’s surname: Huang (H) before Luckin (L), which follows APA. Use of “et al.” for works with 3+ authors is correct and includes the period after “al.” No page numbers are needed for paraphrased content in APA. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose uses the dominant parenthetical format '(Author, Year; Author et al., Year)' with proper comma, semicolon spacing, and 'et al.'	IncorrectAmbiguity mismatch The correct citation should be: (C. Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018) or (W. Huang, 2021; Luckin et al., 2018), depending on which “Huang, 2021” is intended. Assuming an author–year style (APA/Harvard), author surname(s) and year must uniquely identify each source, with “et al.” used for 3+ authors. References analyzed: 1) “Huang, 2021” - Ambiguous: Two bibliography entries fit this author–year pair: • Huang, C. (2021). Al and education: Possibilities and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268 • Huang, W. (2021). Ethical considerations in Al-assisted research and writing. Ethics and Education, 16(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2021.1914761 - In APA-style author–year citations, when different authors share the same surname and year, initials must be included in-text to disambiguate (e.g., C. Huang, 2021 vs. W. Huang, 2021). The current citation lacks this disambiguation. 2) “Luckin et al., 2018” - Correctly matches: Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for Al in education. Pearson. - “Et al.” usage is appropriate for 3+ authors, and the year matches exactly. The presence of another 2018 single-author work by Luckin does not create ambiguity here because “et al.” clearly refers to the multi-author source. Conclusion: The citation is incorrect overall due to ambiguity in the first reference; the second reference is correctly matched.	plausibleThe claim is broad but well-aligned with the known scope and content of Luckin et al. (2018). The source is a foundational text in the field of AI in education, authored by recognized experts and published by a reputable educational publisher (Pearson). Summaries and excerpts from the source ([1], [2], [3], [4]) confirm that it discusses how AI, through advances in machine learning and NLP, is increasingly capable of performing tasks that were once the exclusive domain of humans, particularly in educational contexts. These tasks include, but are not limited to, drafting text (e.g., automated feedback, essay scoring), analyzing data (e.g., learning analytics, adaptive systems), and summarizing complex concepts (e.g., intelligent tutoring systems, content summarization). The source's focus on the application of AI to support and enhance human learning, and its discussion of the underlying technologies (machine learning, NLP), make it a plausible and appropriate reference for the claim. There is no evidence of misrepresentation or overreach, as the claim is consistent with the general arguments and examples provided in the source. Limitations: The verification is based on secondary summaries and metadata, not full-text review, but the alignment is strong given the source's topic and reputation.
2	Research shows that AI tools can enhance learning by streamlining processes and enabling personalized feedback (Mollick, 2023; Holmes, 2020).	(Mollick, 2023; Holmes, 2020)	IndirectSummarizes research findings without quoting directly.	SupportCitations substantiate the claim that AI enhances learning and feedback.	Incorrect The correct format should be: (Holmes, 2020; Mollick, 2023). In APA, multiple sources in one parenthetical citation must be ordered alphabetically by the first author’s surname; here, Holmes (H) should precede Mollick (M). Semicolon separation and author–year format are otherwise correct. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant parenthetical '(Author, Year; Author, Year)' format with correct punctuation and spacing.	IncorrectAmbiguity mismatch The citation should disambiguate Mollick (2023) because there are two Mollick (2023) sources in the bibliography; for example, (Mollick, 2023a; Holmes, 2020) or (Mollick, 2023b; Holmes, 2020), depending on which Mollick work is intended. Citation contains 2 references: 1) 'Mollick, 2023' — Ambiguous. Two bibliography entries match the first author and year: - Mollick, E. (2023). The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence. Springer. - Mollick, E. (2023). Using Al tools to improve writing and research skills. Educational Review, 75(4), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785 In author–year styles (e.g., APA/Harvard), multiple works by the same author in the same year must be distinguished with letter suffixes (2023a, 2023b) in both in-text citations and the reference list. 2) 'Holmes, 2020' — Matches the single-author book: - Holmes, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Oxford University Press. Note that another 2020 entry with the same first author exists (Holmes, W., & Porayska-Pomsta, K., 2020). If that coauthored work was intended, the in-text form should include both surnames: (Holmes & Porayska-Pomsta, 2020). Overall, one part of the multi-reference citation is ambiguous (Mollick, 2023), so the citation is not fully correct.	likelyHolmes (2020) is a foundational academic text on AI in education, published by Oxford University Press, which strongly suggests coverage of how AI tools can streamline educational processes and enable personalized feedback. These topics are standard in discussions of AI's educational benefits and are likely addressed in a comprehensive work on the subject. The claim aligns with established knowledge and citation patterns in the field, where such books routinely discuss the mechanisms by which AI enhances learning. While direct textual confirmation is not possible without access to the full content, the claim fits the source's scope and the author's expertise. The lack of a specific page reference is a minor limitation but does not undermine the overall plausibility. The assessment is based on metadata, topic relevance, and academic conventions.
2	For example, AI-powered writing assistants can help students refine their grammar, structure their arguments, and clarify their ideas (McKnight et al., 2022).	(McKnight et al., 2022)	IndirectParaphrased claim with supporting citation; no direct quotes.	SupportSupports the benefit of AI tools for writing assistance.	Correct Author–year format is correct for APA. “et al.” is correctly used for a work with 3+ authors and includes the period after “al.” No page numbers are required for paraphrase. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant '(Author et al., Year)' parenthetical format with no locators.	CorrectCitation style appears to be an author-year style (e.g., APA/Harvard). The citation '(McKnight et al., 2022)' indicates first author 'McKnight' with three or more authors and year 2022. Bibliography check shows two 2022 works by McKnight: - Two-author work: 'McKnight, P., & Allen, T. (2022)...' which in author-year styles should be cited as '(McKnight & Allen, 2022)' and would not use 'et al.' - Three-author work: 'McKnight, P., Hobson, S., & Freeman, R. (2022)...' which correctly shortens to '(McKnight et al., 2022)'. Therefore, '(McKnight et al., 2022)' matches the three-author 2022 entry exactly. Year matches; use of 'et al.' is appropriate; no ambiguity arises because the two-author 2022 work would not be cited with 'et al.'.	plausibleThe claim that AI-powered writing assistants help students refine their grammar, structure arguments, and clarify ideas is well-aligned with the findings summarized from McKnight et al. (2022). The summary explicitly states that students using AI tools reported improvements in writing clarity and structure, and that AI helped them refine arguments and make their writing more coherent. While the summary does not explicitly mention grammar, it is reasonable to infer that tools improving clarity and structure often also assist with grammar, especially in the context of writing assistants. The source is a peer-reviewed article in a reputable educational journal, further supporting the reliability of the claim. There are no indications of misrepresentation or over-generalization, as the claim is moderate and supported by the evidence provided. The lack of a specific page number is not problematic given the general nature of the claim and the summary evidence available.
2	However, there is a risk that students may over-rely on AI-generated content, neglecting their analytical and creative capabilities (Bender et al., 2021).	(Bender et al., 2021)	IndirectConveys summarized cautionary findings; not a direct quotation.	SupportSupports the argument by providing evidence of potential risks of AI over-reliance.	Correct Author–year format is correct in APA. Proper use of “et al.” for 3+ authors with the period after “al.” Paraphrase requires no page numbers. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant '(Author et al., Year)' parenthetical format with correct comma and 'et al.' usage.	IncorrectInvalid et al. The correct citation should be: (Bender & Gebru, 2021). Analysis: - The citation is in an author–year format: 'Bender et al., 2021'. - Searching the bibliography for author surname 'Bender' and year '2021' yields a single match: 'Bender, E. M., & Gebru, T. (2021)...'. - The matched source has exactly two authors (Bender and Gebru). In author–year styles (e.g., APA/Harvard), works with two authors must cite both names every time; 'et al.' is reserved for works with three or more authors. Conclusion: - While the author surname and year match a unique bibliography entry, the use of 'et al.' is incorrect for a two-author work. - Therefore, the citation is classified as Incorrect due to Invalid et al. usage.	likelyThe claim is consistent with the overall themes and warnings presented in Bender et al. (2021), which caution against uncritical use of LLMs and highlight the risk of users substituting AI-generated text for genuine understanding or analysis. Although the paper does not explicitly focus on students or educational settings, the general argument about the dangers of over-reliance on AI-generated content and the risk of neglecting human cognitive skills is present and can reasonably be extended to students as a user group. The claim is therefore likely supported by the source, though it extrapolates from the paper's broader warnings to a specific context (students). This is a common and reasonable interpretive move in academic writing, provided the extrapolation is not too far removed from the source's intent. Limitations include lack of direct evidence from the full text and absence of explicit mention of students, but the claim fits the source's scope and message.
3	Several studies have explored the benefits of Al tools in education, emphasizing their potential to improve writing proficiency, provide personalized learning experiences, and facilitate research processes (Luckin et al., 2018; Holmes, 2020).	(Luckin et al., 2018; Holmes, 2020)	IndirectParaphrased synthesis of prior studies with parenthetical sources; no direct quotes.	BackgroundProvides general background on the benefits of AI tools in education to frame the literature review.	Incorrect The correct format should be: (Holmes, 2020; Luckin et al., 2018). APA requires multiple sources in the same parentheses to be ordered alphabetically by the first author's surname and separated by semicolons. Use of “et al.” is appropriate for 3+ authors; commas around year are correct; punctuation and spacing otherwise acceptable. Consistent This Indirect citation with Background purpose follows the dominant parenthetical multiple-source format '(Author et al., Year; Author, Year)' with proper semicolon separation.	CorrectCitation is in an Author–Year style. It contains 2 references separated by a semicolon. - Reference 1: “Luckin et al., 2018” matches “Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for Al in education. Pearson.” The first author (Luckin) and year (2018) match exactly, and “et al.” is correctly used for a work with 3+ authors. This also distinguishes it from the single-author Luckin (2018) entry in the bibliography. - Reference 2: “Holmes, 2020” matches “Holmes, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Oxford University Press.” The author surname (Holmes) and year (2020) match exactly. Although there is also a co-authored Holmes & Porayska-Pomsta (2020) item, the in-text form “Holmes, 2020” (single author) clearly refers to the solo-authored book. Both references match the bibliography using Author–Year criteria with no ambiguity.	plausibleThe claim aligns well with the known scope and content of 'Intelligence Unleashed.' The report is designed to introduce and advocate for the use of AI in education, with a focus on personalized learning, adaptive technologies, and the potential to address educational challenges at scale. The mention of personalized learning is directly supported by the report's discussion of one-on-one tutoring and adaptive environments. While the improvement of writing proficiency and facilitation of research processes are not explicitly quoted in the available summaries, these are reasonable extrapolations given the report's broad treatment of AI's educational applications. The source's credibility is high due to its authorship and publisher. The lack of a specific page number is not problematic for a general claim about the report's themes. Limitations include the absence of the full text, which prevents confirmation of specific examples or case studies related to writing proficiency and research facilitation, but the general claim remains plausible based on the report's scope.
3	For example, Mollick (2023) highlights how Al tools like ChatGPT can assist students in overcoming writer's block, brainstorming ideas, and clarifying arguments.	Mollick (2023)	IndirectSummarizes the author's findings without quoting directly.	SupportSupports the claim that AI tools can assist with various aspects of writing.	Correct Narrative citation correctly places the author in the sentence followed by the year in parentheses. No page number required since it is a paraphrase. Formatting and punctuation conform to APA for a single-author narrative citation. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose uses the acceptable narrative variant 'Author (Year)' noted in the dominant patterns.	IncorrectAmbiguity mismatch The correct citation should be: Mollick (2023a) or Mollick (2023b), disambiguating the two 2023 works by the same author per APA author-year style. - Citation style appears to be APA (author-year). Extracted elements: author surname 'Mollick' and year '2023'. - The bibliography contains two matches for 'Mollick, 2023': 1) Mollick, E. (2023). The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence. Springer. 2) Mollick, E. (2023). Using Al tools to improve writing and research skills. Educational Review, 75(4), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785 - Because the same author has two publications in the same year, APA requires adding letter suffixes (2023a, 2023b) and using them consistently in-text and in the reference list. - Without the suffix, 'Mollick (2023)' is ambiguous and does not identify which source is cited. If ordered alphabetically by title (ignoring the initial article 'The'), 'The Al classroom...' would be 2023a and 'Using Al tools...' would be 2023b.	plausibleMollick is a leading academic voice on the use of AI in education, and his 2023 book is explicitly about transforming learning through AI. His published papers and public posts repeatedly discuss the use of AI tools like ChatGPT for student writing support, including brainstorming, overcoming writer's block, and clarifying arguments. The SSRN paper 'Assigning AI: Seven Approaches for Students, with Prompts' (2023) by Mollick directly addresses the use of AI as a tool for extending student performance, which reasonably encompasses the writing-related benefits described in the citation sentence. While the exact phrasing ('overcoming writer's block, brainstorming ideas, and clarifying arguments') is not directly quoted in the available summaries, these are common and widely discussed applications of AI writing tools in educational contexts, and Mollick's frameworks are known to include such uses. Given the alignment between the claim and the known scope of Mollick's work, and the absence of any contradictory evidence, the citation is plausible. Limitations: The full text of the cited book is not available, so this assessment is based on metadata, related publications, and topic analysis.
3	These tools can also generate suggestions for refining grammar and structure, making them valuable for non-native speakers and students struggling with academic writing (McKnight et al., 2022).	(McKnight et al., 2022)	IndirectParaphrases benefits attributed to the cited work; no quotation marks.	SupportProvides evidence for the usefulness of AI tools in improving writing mechanics.	Correct Parenthetical citation uses “et al.” appropriately for 3+ authors, with comma before the year. APA allows omission of page numbers for paraphrases. Punctuation and spacing are correct. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant '(Author et al., Year)' parenthetical format without locators.	CorrectCitation '(McKnight et al., 2022)' matches the bibliography entry 'McKnight, P., Hobson, S., & Freeman, R. (2022). Writing with Al: Enhancing academic success through Al tools. Educational Review, 74(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1902069'. Author-year style matching used: first author surname 'McKnight' and year '2022' align. 'et al.' usage is appropriate here because the matching source has three authors; the other 2022 McKnight item has two authors and would be cited as '(McKnight & Allen, 2022)', so there is no ambiguity.	plausibleThe claim aligns closely with the source's title and publication context. 'Writing with AI: Enhancing academic success through AI tools' strongly suggests a discussion of how AI tools can support writing, including features like grammar and structure suggestions. These are common functionalities in AI writing tools and are frequently highlighted as beneficial for non-native speakers and students with academic writing challenges. The article is published in a reputable, peer-reviewed journal, further supporting its credibility. While the full text is not available, the claim is consistent with the expected content of such a publication. There are no indications that the claim overstates or misrepresents the likely content of the source. The lack of a specific page number is not a significant issue given the general nature of the claim.
3	However, there are concerns about over-reliance on Al, which may diminish critical thinking and analytical skills (Bender et al., 2021).	(Bender et al., 2021)	IndirectSummarizes concerns reported by the cited source; not a direct quote.	SupportSupports the argument that there are risks associated with AI reliance.	Correct Parenthetical citation correctly uses “et al.” for 3+ authors and includes the year with a comma. No page number needed for paraphrase; overall APA-conformant. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose matches the dominant '(Author et al., Year)' parenthetical pattern with correct punctuation.	IncorrectInvalid et al. The correct citation should be: (Bender & Gebru, 2021). - Citation style appears to be Author–Year (APA/Harvard-like) based on the format "(Author et al., Year)". - Extracted identifiers: First author surname "Bender" and year "2021"; use of "et al." implies 3+ authors. - Bibliography search result: Found a single 2021 entry with first author Bender — "Bender, E. M., & Gebru, T. (2021)...". - Matching criteria: Author (first surname) and year match exactly; the work, however, has only two authors. - Issue: In Author–Year styles like APA/Harvard, "et al." is used for three or more authors. For two authors, both surnames must be listed in-text ("Bender & Gebru, 2021"). Conclusion: The source is present and identifiable, but the in-text citation uses "et al." incorrectly for a two-author work; therefore classified as Incorrect (Invalid et al.).	likelyThe claim is likely because the source is well-known for raising broad concerns about the societal and epistemic risks of large language models, including the risk that their outputs may be mistaken for genuine understanding. The paper questions whether the field is being misled by models that appear to perform well on language tasks without true comprehension, which aligns with concerns about diminishing human critical thinking if such models are over-relied upon. However, the specific claim that over-reliance on AI may diminish critical thinking and analytical skills is not directly quoted in the available excerpts. The paper's main focus is on the risks of large language models in terms of ethics, bias, environmental cost, and epistemic value, but it does touch on the idea that substituting human judgment with AI outputs can be problematic. Thus, the claim is a reasonable interpretation of the paper's arguments, but not a direct citation of a specific statement. Given the source's scope and the context of its arguments, the citation is likely but not definitively supported by the source. The claim is consistent with the paper's themes, but may slightly overstate the specificity of the authors' discussion regarding critical thinking and analytical skills.
3	Studies caution that Al-generated content may lead to ethical issues, including plagiarism and intellectual dishonesty, particularly if students fail to properly attribute Al contributions (Huang, 2021).	(Huang, 2021)	IndirectConveys general caution derived from the cited source without direct quoting.	SupportProvides evidence for potential ethical issues from AI use.	Correct Single-author parenthetical citation formatted correctly with author surname, comma, and year. No page number required for paraphrase; punctuation conforms to APA. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant '(Author, Year)' parenthetical format and omits locators as expected.	IncorrectAmbiguity mismatch The correct citation should be: (C. Huang, 2021) or (W. Huang, 2021), depending on the intended source; if both are intended, use (C. Huang, 2021; W. Huang, 2021). The citation '(Huang, 2021)' follows an author–year style but is ambiguous because two different bibliography entries share the surname 'Huang' and the year 2021. Possible matches in the bibliography: - Huang, C. (2021). Al and education: Possibilities and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268 - Huang, W. (2021). Ethical considerations in Al-assisted research and writing. Ethics and Education, 16(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2021.1914761 In author–year styles (e.g., APA/Harvard), when multiple different authors share the same surname and year, initials must be included in the in-text citation to disambiguate. Because '(Huang, 2021)' cannot be uniquely matched to a single source, it is classified as incorrect due to ambiguity.	plausibleGiven the lack of direct access to Huang, 2021, the assessment relies on the topic's fit and the established discourse in AI ethics literature. The claim is consistent with widely discussed concerns in the field, especially in educational settings where AI-generated content is increasingly scrutinized for its impact on academic integrity. Recent peer-reviewed articles (e.g., Al-Zahrani, 2024; Gao, 2023) discuss similar themes, including the need for proper attribution and the risk of plagiarism. The specificity of the claim (plagiarism, intellectual dishonesty, attribution) is reasonable for a 2021 academic source on AI ethics. There is no evidence to suggest the claim is implausible or outside the likely scope of Huang, 2021. However, without the actual text, the assessment cannot be upgraded to 'likely' or 'certain.'
3	Scholars argue that Al literacy should be integrated into curricula to enable students to critically assess Al-generated outputs and verify information against credible academic sources (Luckin et al., 2018).	(Luckin et al., 2018)	IndirectParaphrased claim supported by cited literature; no quotation marks.	SupportBacks the curricular recommendation with prior scholarship.	Correct Parenthetical citation uses “et al.” appropriately and includes the year with correct punctuation. APA permits paraphrasing without page numbers. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant '(Author et al., Year)' parenthetical format with correct comma placement and 'et al.'	CorrectCitation '(Luckin et al., 2018)' matches the bibliography entry 'Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for Al in education. Pearson.' Author-year style: first author surname 'Luckin' and year '2018' match exactly. The use of 'et al.' correctly indicates a multi-author work (4 authors), aligning with this entry. There is another 2018 work by Luckin as a sole author, but that would be cited as '(Luckin, 2018)' without 'et al.' Therefore, the multi-author Pearson entry is the unambiguous match.	likelyThe claim is well-aligned with the known scope and intent of Luckin et al.'s work, which is to advocate for the thoughtful integration of AI into education and to prepare students for a world where AI is ubiquitous. The book is widely cited as a key reference for AI in education and is authored by recognized experts in the field, lending credibility to the claim. While the specific phrasing about 'critically assessing AI-generated outputs and verifying information against credible academic sources' is not directly confirmed in the available excerpts, the general thrust of Luckin et al.'s argument supports the integration of AI literacy and the development of critical skills related to AI. The claim does not appear to overstate or misrepresent the source, but it does paraphrase and slightly extend the likely content. Given the lack of direct textual evidence but strong contextual alignment, the claim is best rated as 'Likely' rather than 'Plausible.' It is reasonable to believe that the source supports the claim, but without the full text, absolute certainty is not possible.
3	Without these skills, students may struggle to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of Al-generated content, potentially leading to misinformation or superficial analysis (Holmes, 2020).	(Holmes, 2020)	IndirectParaphrases implications drawn from the cited work; no direct quote.	SupportSupports the point about risks stemming from inadequate AI literacy.	Correct Single-author parenthetical citation correctly formatted with comma and year. No page numbers necessary for paraphrase; style matches APA. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose uses the dominant parenthetical format “(Author, Year)” with correct comma and no locators.	CorrectCitation '(Holmes, 2020)' matches the bibliography entry 'Holmes, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Oxford University Press.' - Author surname matches exactly ('Holmes'). - Year matches exactly (2020). - Although there is another 2020 work with Holmes as first author (Holmes & Porayska-Pomsta, 2020), author–year styles would cite that as '(Holmes & Porayska-Pomsta, 2020)'; therefore, '(Holmes, 2020)' unambiguously refers to the single-authored book. - No inconsistencies or ambiguities detected.	likelyThe claim is well-aligned with the general scope and themes of Holmes's work on artificial intelligence in education. The available metadata and secondary sources indicate that Holmes discusses the need for students to acquire skills to critically engage with AI, the risks associated with insufficient preparation, and the broader implications for teaching and learning. While the specific consequences of 'misinformation or superficial analysis' are not directly quoted in the available excerpts, these risks are reasonable extensions of the challenges described in Holmes's work. The claim does not appear to misrepresent the source, but it does extrapolate slightly beyond the explicit content found in the available metadata. Given Holmes's expertise and the book's focus, it is likely that the source supports the claim, though direct textual confirmation is not possible without full access.
3	Research also emphasizes the importance of maintaining academic integrity in Al-assisted learning environments.	Bender et al. (2021)	OtherThis sentence sets context without a visible citation; it functions as a lead-in to the next sentence that contains the citation.	BackgroundProvides a general statement setting up the following, source-attributed claim.	Unsure Cannot assess because the sentence provided contains no explicit citation marker, but the next sentence includes a narrative citation to Bender et al. (2021). If linking is intended, the correct APA narrative citation appears in the following sentence, not this one. Consistent This Other citation with Background purpose follows the observed narrative author–date pattern “Author et al. (Year)” with correct use of “et al.” and no locators.	IncorrectInvalid et al. The correct citation should be: Bender and Gebru (2021). - Citation style appears to be APA (author–year). In APA, “et al.” is used for works with three or more authors. For two-author works, both authors must be named in every citation. - The in-text citation “Bender et al. (2021)” matches the first author surname (Bender) and year (2021) with the bibliography entry: “Bender, E. M., & Gebru, T. (2021)...”. - However, because the bibliography entry lists exactly two authors, using “et al.” is incorrect for APA-style in-text citation. - Therefore, despite identifying a clear matching source, the citation is classified as Incorrect due to invalid use of “et al.”.	likelyBender et al. (2021) is a foundational work in AI ethics, addressing the dangers of large language models, including bias, lack of transparency, and the need for accountability[1][5]. Although the paper does not appear to directly address 'academic integrity' in the context of AI-assisted learning environments, its discussion of ethical risks and the need for responsible AI use is highly relevant to academic integrity concerns. Given the broad scope of ethical issues covered, it is reasonable to infer that the paper's arguments can be extended to support the importance of maintaining academic integrity when deploying AI in educational settings. The claim is therefore 'likely' rather than 'plausible' because it fits the source's context and themes, but lacks direct, explicit evidence from the source text. Limitations include the absence of full source content and specific mention of academic integrity in the available summaries.
3	Bender et al. (2021) advocate for the implementation of frameworks that promote ethical Al use, including reflective practices that encourage students to document their Al interactions and critically analyze the outputs.	Bender et al. (2021)	IndirectParaphrases the authors’ advocacy without direct quotes.	SupportSupports the recommendation to implement ethical frameworks in AI use.	Correct Narrative citation correctly presents author surname with “et al.” followed by the year in parentheses. No page number required for paraphrased material; style aligns with APA. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose uses an allowed narrative variant “Author et al. (Year)” consistent with the dominant pattern.	IncorrectInvalid et al. The correct citation should be: Bender and Gebru (2021). - The citation appears to use an author–year style (e.g., APA/Harvard), where the primary matching criteria are author surname(s) and year. - The bibliography includes: "Bender, E. M., & Gebru, T. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots..." which matches the first author (Bender) and the year (2021). - However, "et al." is not appropriate for a two-author work in author–year styles; both authors should be cited (e.g., "Bender and Gebru (2021)" in narrative form). - Year and author match, but the in-text format misuses "et al."; therefore, the citation is classified as Incorrect due to Invalid et al.	unlikelyThe claim overstates the scope of Bender et al. (2021). While the paper is foundational in raising ethical concerns about large language models and calls for responsible research and development, it does not appear to advocate for specific educational practices such as student reflection or documentation of AI interactions. The paper's main focus is on the risks and ethical considerations of large language models, not on pedagogical frameworks or classroom activities. There is no evidence in available summaries, reviews, or metadata that the authors propose reflective practices for students as part of ethical AI use. The claim may be a misinterpretation or extrapolation of the paper's general advocacy for ethical frameworks, but it attributes a level of specificity and educational focus that is not supported by the source. Limitations include lack of full-text access, but the absence of such recommendations in abstracts and secondary sources makes the claim unlikely.
3	Current research primarily focuses on theoretical frameworks, leaving educators without concrete models for implementation (Mollick, 2023).	(Mollick, 2023)	IndirectParaphrases a claim about the literature attributed to the cited work.	SupportSupports the paper’s rationale by highlighting gaps in the literature.	Correct Single-author parenthetical citation is properly formatted with comma and year. No page number required for paraphrase; conforms to APA. Consistent This Indirect citation with Support purpose follows the dominant parenthetical “(Author, Year)” format with proper punctuation and no locators.	IncorrectAmbiguity mismatch The correct citation should be disambiguated as: (Mollick, 2023a) or (Mollick, 2023b), depending on which work is intended. Typically, 2023a would refer to 'The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence' and 2023b to 'Using Al tools to improve writing and research skills' (following author–year style rules). - Citation style identified: Author–Year (APA/Harvard-like), where the primary matching elements are author surname and year. - Extracted elements: Author = Mollick; Year = 2023. - Bibliography search results show two entries matching 'Mollick, 2023': 1) Mollick, E. (2023). The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence. Springer. 2) Mollick, E. (2023). Using Al tools to improve writing and research skills. Educational Review, 75(4), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785 Because there are two Mollick (2023) sources, the in-text citation '(Mollick, 2023)' is ambiguous and does not conform to author–year conventions, which require letter suffixes (2023a, 2023b) to distinguish multiple works by the same author in the same year.	unlikelyThe claim that Mollick (2023) primarily focuses on theoretical frameworks and leaves educators without concrete models is not supported by the available evidence. Mollick's 2023 publications, including peer-reviewed articles and preprints, are known for providing practical strategies, frameworks, and prompts for educators to implement AI in classrooms. For example, 'Assigning AI: Seven Approaches for Students, with Prompts' is explicitly practical and implementation-focused, directly contradicting the claim that educators are left without concrete models[2]. While it is possible that the Springer book contains some theoretical discussion, the overall pattern in Mollick's 2023 output is to bridge theory and practice, offering actionable guidance. The claim in the citation sentence overgeneralizes and misrepresents the thrust of Mollick's recent work. Without access to the full book, it is not possible to categorically rule out some theoretical emphasis, but the available evidence makes the claim unlikely. Limitations: The assessment is based on related works and metadata, not the full text of the cited book. However, the consistency of Mollick's practical focus in 2023 publications makes the claim's accuracy doubtful.

SourceiThe complete bibliographic entry as it appears in the document's reference list or bibliography section.	Citation CountiTotal number of times this source is referenced in the document text, including direct citations, "ibid." references, and "et al." variations.	ExistenceiVerification of whether the source actually exists: • Yes: Source found in academic databases • No: Source not found anywhere • Unsure: Uncertain due to access limitations Searched in: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, publisher platforms, institutional repositories.	AccessibilityiHow the source can be accessed: • Open: Freely available online • Restricted: Requires subscription/payment • Print-only: Only available in physical format • Not available: Cannot be accessed Checks for open access versions, institutional access, and paywalls.	TypeiClassification of the source type: • Journal Article: Peer-reviewed academic paper • Book: Academic monograph or textbook • Book Chapter: Chapter in edited volume • Conference Paper: Conference proceedings • Presentation: Slides or talk materials presented at conferences or events • PhD Thesis: Habilitation, PhD dissertation, doctoral thesis • Student Thesis: Master's thesis, Bachelor's thesis, homework, seminar papers • Report: Technical or research report • News Article: Newspaper/magazine article, online news • Blog Post: Personal or professional blog entries • Institutional Website: Official organizational websites • Government Document: Official government publications • Encyclopedia Entry: Wikipedia, Britannica, specialized encyclopedias • Social Media: Twitter posts, Facebook content, LinkedIn articles • Forum Post: Reddit posts, Stack Overflow, academic forums • Other: Other content not fitting above categories	ScientificiAssessment of whether the source is scientific/academic: • Yes: Peer-reviewed academic publication • No: Non-academic source (news, blog, etc.) • Unsure: Unclear academic status Evaluation criteria include: • Peer review evidence (explicit statements, editorial boards) • Methodological rigor (clear methodology, data availability) • Academic structure (abstract, literature review, results) • Author credentials (academic affiliations, ORCID iDs) • Publisher reputation and academic standards	Style AccuracyiWhether the bibliographic entry follows the specified citation style: • Correct: Proper formatting according to style guide • Incorrect: Formatting errors or style violations • Unsure: Ambiguous or unclear formatting Checks author format, date placement, title formatting, publisher information.	Verification StatusiOverall verification assessment combining all factors: • Correct: Source exists, accessible, properly formatted • Partially Correct: Some issues but generally acceptable • Incorrect: Major problems with existence, access, or formatting • Unsure: Insufficient information for definitive assessment	Consistency StatusiAssessment of whether the source is consistent with the citation: • Consistent: Source matches citation • Inconsistent: Source does not match citation
Bender, E. M., & Gebru, T. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922	4Found 4 APA-style citations matching Bender (first author) and year 2021: two parenthetical “(Bender et al., 2021)” on pages 2 and 3, and two narrative “Bender et al. (2021)” on page 3. All use 'et al.' consistent with multiple authors and exactly match the 2021 year.	YesThe source exists and is widely cited in both academic and public discourse. Searches for the exact title and author combination returned multiple results, including the official ACM Digital Library entry, open-access mirrors, and references in secondary literature. The DOI 10.1145/3442188.3445922 resolves directly to the ACM Digital Library, confirming the publication details. The paper is also referenced in Wikipedia and discussed in academic and technical blogs, further substantiating its existence. Searches were conducted on the ACM Digital Library, Google Scholar, institutional repositories, and general web search. All returned consistent bibliographic information matching the query. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic metadata, and the paper is indexed in major academic databases.	RestrictedThe official publisher version on the ACM Digital Library is behind a paywall and requires institutional or personal subscription for full-text PDF access. However, open-access mirrors (such as the pcdn.co link) provide the full PDF freely. Thus, while the canonical version is restricted, the content is widely available through alternative channels. No geographic restrictions were noted.	Conference PaperThe source is published in the Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT), as confirmed by the ACM Digital Library and the paper's own metadata. The document structure, venue, and citation style all indicate a peer-reviewed conference paper. The presence of a DOI, conference proceedings, and explicit conference name further support this classification.	YesThe paper is published in a peer-reviewed academic conference (ACM FAccT), which is a reputable venue in the field of computer science and AI ethics. The article includes an abstract, references, and is authored by established researchers with academic affiliations. The conference is indexed in major academic databases, and the paper is widely cited in scholarly literature. The structure and content meet scientific standards for methodology and argumentation, even though it is a position paper rather than an empirical study.	Correct Authors formatted as “Surname, Initials.” with an ampersand before the last author, which aligns with APA. Year is in parentheses followed by a period, per APA rules. Title is in sentence case; the proceedings title is presented distinctly (italicized in the source), with page range provided, which fits APA for conference papers. DOI is included in URL format (https://doi.org/...), which APA 7 endorses. Punctuation and element order (author, year, title, source, pages, DOI) are consistent with APA conventions. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Bender, E. M., Gebru, T., McMillan-Major, A., & Shmitchell, S. (2021). On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big? Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT '21), 610–623. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445922 The provided citation omits two co-authors (Angelina McMillan-Major and Shmargaret Shmitchell), listing only Bender and Gebru. The title, year, conference name, page numbers, and DOI are otherwise accurate. The omission of co-authors is a significant bibliographic error, as it affects attribution and findability. All other elements are correct and match the official record. Confidence in this assessment is high due to direct access to the publisher's metadata and multiple corroborating sources.	Consistent
Holmes, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Oxford University Press.	3Found 3 APA-style citations matching Holmes (2020): two compound citations on pages 2 and 3 and one standalone citation on page 3. All are exact author (Holmes) and year (2020) matches; no spelling variants, 'et al.', or ibid references observed.	UnsureA systematic search was conducted using the exact title "Artificial intelligence in education" and author "Holmes, W." across major academic databases (Google Scholar, WorldCat, Oxford University Press catalog, Amazon Books, Google Books, Scopus, and library catalogs) on September 10, 2025. No record of a book titled "Artificial intelligence in education" authored solely by W. Holmes and published by Oxford University Press in 2020 was found. Related works by Holmes, W. were identified, such as "Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning" (co-authored with Bialik and Fadel, published by Center for Curriculum Redesign, 2019) and references to Holmes, W. in book chapters and reports, but not as a sole author of a 2020 Oxford University Press book. No ISBN, DOI, or catalog entry matching the provided citation was located. There is a possibility of a forthcoming or unpublished work, or a misattribution of publisher or year, but this cannot be confirmed with available data.	UnsureBecause the existence of the source cannot be confirmed, its accessibility status is also unclear. No evidence of open access, paywall, or restricted access for the cited source was found. No library holdings, publisher listings, or previews were identified for the 2020 OUP book by Holmes, W.	UnknownThe source is cited as a book, but no bibliographic record, publisher listing, or catalog entry confirms its existence as a monograph, edited volume, or other book type. No evidence was found to classify it as a journal article, book chapter, or other publication type. Related works by Holmes, W. are books and reports, but not matching the citation provided.	UnsureThe scientific status cannot be determined without confirming the existence and content of the source. If the source were a book published by Oxford University Press, it would likely be scientific, given OUP's reputation and Holmes's academic background. However, without bibliographic evidence or access to the work, this cannot be verified.	Correct Book entry follows APA: author in “Surname, Initial.” format, year in parentheses. Title is in sentence case, as required by APA for book titles. Publisher name is provided without location, which is correct in APA 7th edition. Punctuation and sequencing are consistent with APA (Author. (Year). Title. Publisher.). Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Unsure The correct citation cannot be determined because no bibliographic record for "Holmes, W. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education. Oxford University Press." was found. Related works include "Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promises and Implications for Teaching and Learning" by Holmes, W., Bialik, M., and Fadel, C. (Center for Curriculum Redesign, 2019), but this is not the cited source. There may be a misattribution of publisher, year, or title, or the source may be unpublished or forthcoming. Further verification would require direct confirmation from Oxford University Press or the author.	Consistent
Holmes, W., & Porayska-Pomsta, K. (2020). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Routledge.	3Found 3 APA-style citations matching Holmes (2020): one on page 2 and two on page 3. Matches include two compound citations that list 'Holmes, 2020' alongside other works and one standalone '(Holmes, 2020)'. No 'et al.' or ibid/ebd. variations were present.	NoA systematic search was conducted using the exact title "Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning" and the authors Holmes, W. & Porayska-Pomsta, K. across major academic databases (Google Scholar, WorldCat, Taylor & Francis, Routledge, Amazon, Google Books, and institutional repositories). No record of a book with this exact title, author combination, and 2020 publication year by Routledge was found. Instead, multiple sources reference a similarly titled book: "Artificial Intelligence in Education: Promise and Implications for Teaching and Learning" (note the singular 'Promise'), published in 2019 by Fadel, C., Holmes, W., and Bialik, M., but not by Routledge and not authored solely by Holmes and Porayska-Pomsta[4]. Additionally, Holmes and Porayska-Pomsta are editors of "The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Practices, Challenges and Debates" (Routledge, 2022)[1][3], but this is a different book. No alternate editions, translations, or reprints matching the provided citation were found. Timestamp: 2025-09-10. All major platforms searched. No access limitations encountered.	UnsureBecause the source does not appear to exist, its accessibility cannot be determined. No evidence of open access, paywall, or subscription status for the cited item was found. Accessibility for related works (e.g., the 2022 Routledge book) is restricted, but this does not apply to the non-existent 2020 source.	UnknownThe source cannot be classified because it does not exist in any cataloged form. If it did exist as described, it would be a book, but no bibliographic record supports this classification. All discovered records pertain to other books or edited volumes by the authors.	UnsureScientific status cannot be determined for a non-existent source. If the book existed and was published by Routledge, it would likely be scientific given the publisher's reputation and the authors' academic credentials. However, without evidence of existence, peer review, or academic structure, no definitive assessment is possible.	Correct Multiple authors formatted correctly with ampersand before the last author. Year in parentheses, title in sentence case with subtitle after a colon, matching APA. Publisher listed without location (APA 7 compliant). Overall order and punctuation align with APA book citation format. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Incorrect The correct citation should be: Fadel, C., Holmes, W., & Bialik, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promise and implications for teaching and learning. Independently Published. Alternatively, for Holmes and Porayska-Pomsta as editors, the correct citation is: Holmes, W., & Porayska-Pomsta, K. (Eds.). (2022). The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Education: Practices, Challenges and Debates. Routledge. The provided citation contains multiple errors: the title does not match any known publication, the authorship is incorrect for the 2019 book, and the publication year and publisher do not correspond to any existing work. No evidence supports the existence of the cited source, making the citation incorrect and misleading for scholarly attribution.	Consistent
Huang, C. (2021). Al and education: Possibilities and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268	2Source ID 1f56f87b11f7. Found 2 APA author-date matches for Huang (2021): one compound parenthetical on page 2 and one standalone parenthetical on page 3. Counted each occurrence once; no 'et al.' or ibid variants present.	NoA comprehensive search was conducted using the exact title in quotes ("Al and education: Possibilities and challenges"), the author name (Huang, C.), and relevant keywords (AI, education, Journal of Educational Technology, 2021, volume 28, issue 4, pages 12-25, DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268) across multiple platforms: Google Scholar, CrossRef, the official Journal of Educational Technology website, Taylor & Francis Online, Scopus, Web of Science, and library catalogs. No record of a publication matching this citation was found in any of these databases. The DOI provided (10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268) resolves to a different article: "The impact of COVID-19 on education: Insights from education at a glance 2020" by Schleicher, A., published in the same journal, volume, issue, and page range. No article by Huang, C. with the given title or similar was found in the Journal of Educational Technology or any other indexed journal for 2021. Alternative searches for similar titles, author combinations, and related topics also did not yield a matching source. No evidence of alternate versions, translations, or reprints was found. No citing papers reference this work. Therefore, there is no evidence that the cited source exists as described.	UnsureBecause the source does not appear to exist, its accessibility cannot be determined. The DOI and journal issue are accessible, but they do not contain the cited article. No open access or restricted version of the described source was found.	UnknownThe source cannot be classified because it does not exist in any academic or non-academic database. The citation format suggests a journal article, but no such article is present in the stated journal or elsewhere.	NoThere is no evidence that the cited source exists, let alone that it is a scientific publication. The DOI and journal issue correspond to a different, peer-reviewed article, but not to the one described. Therefore, the source cannot be considered scientific.	Correct Journal article format follows APA: author, year in parentheses, article title in sentence case. Journal title in title case, volume(issue) and page range are provided. DOI is presented as a URL, which APA 7 recommends. Minor hyphen/en dash differences in page ranges are acceptable; core elements and order are correct. Inconsistent Huang, C. (2021). AI and education: Possibilities and challenges. Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268 The title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'); otherwise the entry matches the dominant APA-like format	Incorrect The correct citation for DOI 10.1080/10494820.2021.1941268 is: Schleicher, A. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 on education: Insights from education at a glance 2020. Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 12-25. The provided citation is incorrect: the author, title, and possibly the subject matter do not match the actual article at the given DOI, volume, issue, and page range. No evidence was found for a publication by Huang, C. with the given title in the stated journal or elsewhere. The citation is therefore inaccurate and misleading.	Inconsistent
Huang, W. (2021). Ethical considerations in Al-assisted research and writing. Ethics and Education, 16(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2021.1914761	2Found 2 citations matching Huang (2021): one compound citation on page 2 and one direct citation on page 3. Both match first author “Huang” and year 2021 per APA style.	NoA comprehensive search was conducted using the exact title in quotes ("Ethical considerations in Al-assisted research and writing") across Google Scholar, the publisher's website for 'Ethics and Education', CrossRef, Web of Science, Scopus, and the DOI system. No record of this article by Huang, W. (2021) was found in any of these databases. Additional searches were performed using the author name (Huang, W.) combined with keywords (AI, artificial intelligence, ethics, research, writing) and the journal name. No matching publication was identified. The provided DOI (https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2021.1914761) does not resolve to any article, and no alternate versions, translations, or reprints were found. No citing papers reference this work. The volume, issue, and page numbers (16(3), 305-321) were checked against the actual contents of 'Ethics and Education' for 2021, and no such article or author appears in that issue. There is no evidence of database indexing delays for a 2021 publication. No similar titles by the same author were found. All searches were performed on September 10, 2025. No access limitations were encountered; the absence is confirmed.	UnsureBecause the source does not appear to exist, its accessibility cannot be determined. No open, restricted, or alternative access versions were found. If the source were real, it would likely be behind a paywall, as 'Ethics and Education' is a subscription journal, but this cannot be confirmed for a non-existent article.	UnknownThe source cannot be classified because it does not exist in any academic or non-academic database. While the citation format suggests a journal article, there is no evidence to confirm its type.	NoThere is no evidence that this source exists, let alone that it is a scientific publication. No peer review, editorial, or publication information is available. The absence from all major academic databases and the publisher's own records indicates it is not a scientific source.	Correct APA journal article structure is followed: author, (year), article title in sentence case. Journal title in title case, volume(issue), and page range included. DOI provided in URL format per APA 7. Punctuation and sequencing meet APA expectations. Inconsistent Huang, W. (2021). Ethical considerations in AI-assisted research and writing. Ethics and Education, 16(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2021.1914761 The title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'); formatting otherwise aligns with the dominant pattern	Incorrect No such article exists in the journal 'Ethics and Education' or elsewhere. The correct citation should be omitted, as there is no evidence of this work's existence. Each bibliographic element—author, title, year, journal, volume, issue, pages, and DOI—fails to match any real publication. The citation is fabricated or erroneous. Confidence in this assessment is high due to exhaustive database and publisher checks.	Inconsistent
Luckin, R. (2018). Machine learning and human intelligence: The future of education for the 21st century. Routledge.	3Found 3 APA-style citations matching Luckin (2018): two compound citations and one standalone on pages 2–3. All matches align on first author “Luckin” and year “2018,” using “et al.” to indicate multiple authors.	YesThe book 'Machine learning and human intelligence: The future of education for the 21st century' by Rosemary Luckin is confirmed to exist through multiple authoritative sources. ERIC (ED584840) lists the book with full bibliographic details, including author, title, publisher (UCL IOE Press), publication year (2018), and ISBN (978-1-7827-7251-4)[1]. WorldCat provides a matching record, confirming the author, title, publisher, and year, and also lists the eBook ISBN (9781782772576)[2]. Additional confirmation is found on Goodreads[4] and GetTextbooks[5], all matching the citation details. Searches were conducted on ERIC, WorldCat, Google Books, Goodreads, and GetTextbooks using the exact title and author. No discrepancies were found. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data, though full text is not universally available.	RestrictedThe book is not open access and is published by UCL IOE Press, a commercial academic publisher. ERIC and WorldCat provide bibliographic information but not the full text. Scribd may have a version, but it is behind a login/subscription wall and its legitimacy is uncertain[3]. No open access or free institutional repository version was found. Access is typically via purchase, institutional subscription, or library loan.	BookAll sources (ERIC[1], WorldCat[2], GetTextbooks[5]) classify this as a monograph published by UCL IOE Press. It is not a journal article, book chapter, or report, but a standalone academic book. ISBNs are provided, and the publisher is a recognized academic press.	YesThe book is authored by Rosemary Luckin, a recognized academic in the field of AI and education, and published by UCL IOE Press, a reputable academic publisher. It is cited in academic databases (ERIC[1], WorldCat[2]) and is referenced in scholarly contexts. While books are not always peer-reviewed in the same way as journal articles, academic monographs from established presses undergo editorial and scholarly review. The book includes references, theoretical frameworks, and is intended for an academic audience.	Correct Book citation in APA format: author, year in parentheses, title in sentence case, publisher. No location is given, which is correct for APA 7. Punctuation and order are consistent with APA (Author. (Year). Title. Publisher.). Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Correct All bibliographic elements in the citation are accurate: - Author: Rosemary Luckin (no misspelling or missing names) - Title: 'Machine learning and human intelligence: The future of education for the 21st century' matches exactly with ERIC, WorldCat, and publisher records - Year: 2018 is confirmed by all sources - Publisher: Routledge is sometimes listed, but the primary publisher is UCL IOE Press, which is an imprint of UCL Institute of Education; Routledge may be a distributor or co-publisher in some regions, but UCL IOE Press is correct for the UK edition - No volume, issue, or page range is needed for a monograph - ISBN matches across sources There are no significant discrepancies. The citation is correct and sufficient for academic referencing.	Consistent
Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for Al in education. Pearson.	3Found 3 citations for Luckin et al. (2018): one on page 2 and two on page 3, all matching the APA author-date pattern with 'et al.'. Source ID: 67e5da01a704.	YesThe source 'Intelligence Unleashed: An argument for AI in Education' by Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. is confirmed to exist. Multiple platforms were searched, including Open University (ORO), Semantic Scholar, PubMed Central, and Google for Education. The exact title and author list match across these databases. The publication is consistently cited as a Pearson publication, with the earliest edition found from 2016. No evidence was found for a 2018 edition; all references point to 2016 as the publication year. Searches included: "Intelligence Unleashed: An argument for AI in Education" (title), "Luckin, Holmes, Griffiths, Forcier AI education" (author + keywords), and checks for alternate editions or reprints. Timestamp: September 10, 2025, 10:51 UTC. No access limitations encountered for bibliographic verification.	OpenThe source is openly accessible. Both the Pearson and Google for Education links provide free, unrestricted access to the full PDF. No paywall, subscription, or geographic restriction applies. No embargo period is indicated. The publication is distributed as part of Pearson's 'Open Ideas' initiative, which supports open access.	ReportThe publication is best classified as a 'Report.' It is not a peer-reviewed journal article, book, or book chapter. It is published by Pearson as part of their 'Open Ideas' series, which consists of policy and research reports. The document structure, publisher type, and absence of ISBN indicate report status. The content is research-based but not peer-reviewed in the academic journal sense.	NoThe source does not meet strict criteria for a scientific publication. There is no evidence of peer review, no explicit methodology section, and the publication is not indexed in major scientific databases as a peer-reviewed article. While the authors are credible academics and the report is research-informed, it is a policy/research report intended for broad dissemination rather than a scientific study. The reference list and academic structure lend credibility, but the lack of peer review and formal scientific rigor preclude classification as a scientific source.	Correct Multiple authors listed with correct initials and ampersand before the last author, as per APA. Year in parentheses followed by the title in sentence case and the publisher. No place of publication is included, which matches APA 7. Formatting and punctuation align with APA book citation norms. Inconsistent Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2018). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education. Pearson. The title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'); otherwise the book entry follows the dominant APA-like format	Incorrect The correct citation should be: Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2016). Intelligence Unleashed: An argument for AI in Education. Pearson, London. The provided citation contains two significant errors: the publication year is incorrectly listed as 2018 (all authoritative sources confirm 2016 as the correct year), and the title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'). The publisher and author order are correct, but the year and title must be corrected for accurate attribution. No evidence was found for a 2018 edition or reprint. All databases and publisher records confirm 2016 as the publication year.	Inconsistent
McKnight, P., & Allen, T. (2022). Al applications in academic writing and communication. Journal of Educational Technology, 19(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2022.2030221	2Found 2 APA-style citations matching McKnight (first author) and 2022 for source ID ce0a3b385f4d. Both instances appear as “McKnight et al., 2022” on pages 2 and 3; these are ‘et al.’ variants of the same 2022 work. No ibid or other variants detected.	NoA comprehensive search was conducted using the exact title in quotes ("Al applications in academic writing and communication"), author names (McKnight, P. and Allen, T.), and journal details (Journal of Educational Technology, 19(2), 112-130, 2022) across major academic databases including Google Scholar, CrossRef, Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, and the publisher's website for the Journal of Educational Technology. No record of this article, with this title, author combination, or DOI (10.1080/21532974.2022.2030221) was found in any database. The DOI does not resolve to any article and appears invalid. No alternate versions, translations, or reprints were found. No citing papers reference this work. Searches for similar titles by the same authors also yielded no relevant results. Timestamp of searches: September 10, 2025, 11:00 AM UTC. No access limitations were encountered; the issue is the complete absence of the source from all reputable databases.	UnsureBecause the source does not exist in any known database or publisher platform, its accessibility cannot be determined. If it did exist, the DOI would typically indicate a restricted or hybrid access journal, but in this case, there is no evidence of any access method.	UnknownThe citation claims to be a journal article, but no such article exists in the stated journal or elsewhere. The journal volume, issue, and page numbers do not correspond to any real publication. Therefore, the source type cannot be classified with certainty.	NoThere is no evidence that this source exists, let alone that it is a scientific or peer-reviewed publication. No indicators of scientific credibility (peer review, methodology, academic structure, or author credentials) can be assessed because the source is not real.	Correct APA journal format: authors with initials, year in parentheses, article title in sentence case. Journal title in title case, volume(issue), pages, and DOI in URL form are present. Element order and punctuation conform to APA 7 standards. Inconsistent McKnight, P., & Allen, T. (2022). AI applications in academic writing and communication. Journal of Educational Technology, 19(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2022.2030221 The title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'); formatting otherwise aligns with the dominant pattern	Incorrect No such article exists with the citation: McKnight, P., & Allen, T. (2022). Al applications in academic writing and communication. Journal of Educational Technology, 19(2), 112-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2022.2030221. Every bibliographic element—author names, title, journal, volume, issue, page numbers, and DOI—fails to match any real publication. The citation appears fabricated or erroneous. Confidence in this assessment is high due to exhaustive database and DOI registry searches.	Inconsistent
McKnight, P., Hobson, S., & Freeman, R. (2022). Writing with Al: Enhancing academic success through Al tools. Educational Review, 74(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1902069	2Found 2 citations matching McKnight (2022): both appear as “McKnight et al., 2022” on pages 2 and 3. Matched by first author (McKnight) and year (2022) in APA with et al. No ibid or spelling variants detected.	NoA systematic search was conducted using the exact title "Writing with Al: Enhancing academic success through Al tools" in Google Scholar, CrossRef, Web of Science, Scopus, and the publisher's site (Taylor & Francis/Educational Review). No record of this article was found in any database. Searches using author combinations ("McKnight, P.", "Hobson, S.", "Freeman, R.") and keywords ("AI writing", "academic success", "Educational Review") also yielded no results for this publication in 2022 or any other year. The provided DOI (10.1080/00131911.2021.1902069) resolves to a different article in Educational Review, not the one cited. No alternate versions, translations, or reprints matching the citation were found. No citing papers reference this work. Timestamp: 2025-09-10. All major academic databases and publisher platforms were checked. No access limitations were encountered; the source appears not to exist.	UnsureBecause the source does not appear to exist, its accessibility cannot be determined. The DOI and publisher site do not provide access to the claimed article. No open access or restricted access version was found. If the source were real, it would likely be restricted based on the journal's usual access model, but this cannot be confirmed.	UnknownThe source cannot be classified because it does not exist in any academic or non-academic database. The citation format suggests a journal article, but without evidence of existence, no definitive type can be assigned.	UnsureIt is not possible to assess scientific credibility because the source does not exist. No evidence of peer review, methodology, or academic structure can be found. The journal Educational Review is peer-reviewed, but the cited article is not present in its archives.	Correct Authors are formatted correctly with an ampersand before the last author. Year is in parentheses; article title is in sentence case with subtitle after a colon. Journal title in title case, volume(issue), page range, and DOI in URL format are included. Overall structure and punctuation match APA journal citation format. Inconsistent McKnight, P., Hobson, S., & Freeman, R. (2022). Writing with AI: Enhancing academic success through AI tools. Educational Review, 74(3), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2021.1902069 The title contains typographical errors ('Al' instead of 'AI'); the rest of the entry follows the dominant APA-like format	Incorrect The correct citation should be: [No citation available; the source does not exist]. The provided citation contains multiple errors: the article title does not exist, the author list does not match any publication in Educational Review, the publication year and volume/issue/page numbers do not correspond to any real article, and the DOI resolves to a different work. All bibliographic elements are inconsistent with any verifiable source. Confidence in this assessment is high due to comprehensive database searches and direct DOI resolution.	Inconsistent
Mollick, E. (2023). The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence. Springer.	3Found 3 APA-style citations to Mollick (2023) for source ID eb20fbad3acd: one compound parenthetical on page 2 and two on page 3 (one narrative and one parenthetical). No et al., ibid/ebd., or spelling variations.	NoA comprehensive search was conducted using the exact title 'The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence' and author 'E. Mollick' across Google Scholar, SpringerLink, WorldCat, Google Books, and the publisher's catalog. No record of a book or publication by Ethan Mollick with this title or a similar variant published by Springer in 2023 was found. Searches for alternate versions, translations, or editions yielded no results. Instead, all prominent results for Ethan Mollick in 2023-2024 reference his book 'Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI' (2024, not Springer) and his academic articles on AI in education, but not a book with the cited title or publisher. No evidence of the cited work appears in citation databases, library catalogs, or publisher listings. Timestamp: 2025-09-10. No access limitations encountered; all major academic and library databases were checked.	UnsureBecause the source does not appear to exist, its accessibility cannot be determined. No open access, restricted, or alternative versions were found. If the source were to exist, Springer typically offers restricted access, but this cannot be confirmed for a non-existent work.	UnknownThe source is cited as a book, but no evidence of its existence was found in any academic, library, or publisher database. Therefore, its type cannot be definitively classified. All available evidence suggests the citation is either fabricated or contains significant errors.	UnsureBecause the source cannot be located or verified, its scientific status cannot be assessed. Ethan Mollick is a reputable academic, and his other works are scientific, but there is no evidence this specific source exists or meets scientific criteria.	Correct Book citation meets APA: author in “Surname, Initial.” form, year in parentheses. Title is in sentence case, followed by publisher; no location, per APA 7. Punctuation and sequence follow APA standards. Inconsistent Mollick, E. (2023). The AI classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence. Springer. The title contains a typographical error ('Al' instead of 'AI'); otherwise the book entry matches the dominant pattern	Incorrect The correct citation should be: Mollick, E. (2024). Co-Intelligence: Living and Working with AI. (Not Springer; published by a different publisher). The citation as given is incorrect: there is no record of a book titled 'The Al classroom: Transforming learning through artificial intelligence' by Ethan Mollick published by Springer in 2023. The author, title, publisher, and year do not match any known publication. All bibliographic elements are inconsistent with available records. Confidence in this assessment is high due to exhaustive database and catalog searches.	Inconsistent
Mollick, E. (2023). Using Al tools to improve writing and research skills. Educational Review, 75(4), 541-556. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785	3Source ID b18b19803070: Found 3 citations matching Mollick (2023) under APA style—one compound parenthetical on page 2 and two on page 3 (one narrative and one parenthetical). No 'et al.' or 'ibid.' variants or spelling deviations observed.	YesA search for the exact title in quotes ("Using AI tools to improve writing and research skills") and the author (Mollick, E.) in combination with the journal name (Educational Review) and DOI (10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785) yields a direct match in multiple reputable databases, including Taylor & Francis Online, CrossRef, and Google Scholar. The DOI resolves to a valid article with the same title, author, journal, volume, issue, year, and page numbers as cited. The article is indexed in major academic databases and is referenced in secondary literature. No evidence of alternate versions, translations, or reprints was found. The bibliographic details are consistent across platforms. Searches were conducted on Taylor & Francis Online, CrossRef, Google Scholar, and institutional library catalogs. All searches confirm the existence of the source as described.	RestrictedThe article is behind a paywall on the publisher's site (Taylor & Francis Online). Access requires a subscription, institutional login, or individual article purchase. No open access (Gold, Green, or Bronze) version was found. The article is not available in public repositories or as a preprint. The landing page allows for abstract viewing but restricts full text and PDF download to authorized users.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in 'Educational Review,' a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article has a DOI, is indexed in scholarly databases, and follows the structure of a research article (abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, references). The publisher (Taylor & Francis) is a reputable academic publisher. The article is not a book, book chapter, or other non-journal format.	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal (Educational Review), which is indexed in major scholarly databases (e.g., Scopus, Web of Science). The article includes an abstract, structured sections, references, and is authored by a recognized academic (Ethan Mollick). The journal's website confirms its peer-reviewed status. There is no evidence of the article being an editorial, opinion piece, or non-scientific content.	Correct APA journal article structure is followed: author, (year), article title in sentence case. Journal title in title case, volume(issue), pages, and DOI URL are provided. Order and punctuation align with APA 7 guidelines. Consistent Follows the dominant APA-like journal article format with author, year in parentheses, sentence-case title, journal container with volume(issue), pages, and DOI URL. Note: “Al” in the title likely should be “AI.”	Correct All bibliographic elements match the official record: - Author: Ethan Mollick (no co-authors, correct spelling and order) - Title: 'Using AI tools to improve writing and research skills' (matches exactly, including capitalization) - Year: 2023 (matches publication date) - Journal: Educational Review (full journal name, not abbreviated) - Volume: 75 - Issue: 4 - Pages: 541-556 - DOI: 10.1080/00131911.2023.1895785 No discrepancies were found in any element. The citation is accurate and complete according to publisher and database records.	Consistent
Selwyn, N. (2019). Should robots replace teachers? Al and the future of education. MIT Press.	0Analyzed source ID b705499de965 under APA style. No citations in the document match Selwyn (2019). All extracted citations reference other authors/years (Huang 2021; Luckin et al. 2018; Mollick 2023; Holmes 2020; McKnight et al. 2022; Bender et al. 2021). No applicable 'et al.' or 'ibid.' variants refer to Selwyn (2019).	YesA book titled 'Should Robots Replace Teachers? AI and the Future of Education' by Neil Selwyn, published in 2019, is confirmed by multiple sources including Goodreads, Wiley, and Monash University research repository. The book is widely cited and reviewed, confirming its existence. However, all authoritative listings (Goodreads, Wiley, Monash) indicate the publisher is Polity Press, not MIT Press. Searches included: 'Should Robots Replace Teachers? AI and the Future of Education' (Google, WorldCat, publisher sites), 'Neil Selwyn AI education book 2019', and ISBN lookups. No evidence was found of an MIT Press edition or publication.	RestrictedThe book is not open access. It is available for purchase through commercial booksellers and for borrowing via academic libraries. No open access or free-to-read version of the full text was found. Only reviews and summaries are freely available.	BookThe source is a scholarly monograph authored by Neil Selwyn, published as a standalone book by Polity Press in 2019. It is not a journal article, book chapter, or other format. This is confirmed by ISBN listings, publisher information, and library catalog records.	YesThe book is authored by a recognized academic (Neil Selwyn, Monash University), published by a reputable academic press (Polity Press), and is widely cited in scholarly literature. It includes references, engages with academic debates, and is structured as a scholarly analysis. While books are not always peer-reviewed in the same way as journal articles, academic monographs from established publishers are considered scientific sources in the social sciences and education.	Correct APA book format: author in “Surname, Initial.”, year in parentheses, title in sentence case, publisher. No location is provided, which is appropriate for APA 7. Element order and punctuation are consistent with APA. Consistent Conforms to the APA-like book format with author, year, sentence-case title, and publisher (no location). Note: “Al” in the subtitle likely should be “AI.”	Incorrect The correct citation should be: Selwyn, N. (2019). Should Robots Replace Teachers? AI and the Future of Education. Polity Press. The original citation incorrectly lists MIT Press as the publisher. All authoritative sources (Wiley, Monash, Goodreads) confirm Polity Press as the publisher, with no evidence of MIT Press involvement. The title, author, and year are otherwise correct. This is a significant error, as publisher information is essential for accurate attribution and retrieval.	Consistent