Overview

Paper: 4_APA.pdf • Style: APAiDominant Pattern Analysis Citations: Only Indirect/Support citations are present. Dominant single-source format is narrative author–date: Author (Year). By author count: one author: 'Surname (Year)'; two authors: 'Surname & Surname (Year)'; three or more authors: 'Surname et al. (Year)'. For multiple sources in one citation, the dominant format is parenthetical with semicolons and author–year pairs: '(Surname, Year; Surname, Year; Surname, Year)'. No page numbers are included in-text. A minor variant appears once as 'Surname, Year' without parentheses. Sources: Dominant pattern approximates an author–date journal/reference style: 'Surname, Initials. (Year). Title in sentence case. Journal/Outlet, Volume(Issue), page range. DOI/URL.' Common elements observed: authors listed as 'Last, Initial(s)' separated by commas (final author with '&' or 'and'; long lists sometimes abbreviated with 'et al.'), year in parentheses immediately after authors, titles mostly unquoted and in sentence case (proceedings items often use 'In: Proceedings …' with 'pp. xx–xx'), journal entries provide volume(issue) and pages, and DOIs/URLs appended at the end (as 'https://doi.org/…' or 'doi: …'). Web/organizational sources use the organization as author with undated markers '(s.d.-x)', retrieval date, and URL. Overall, most entries include core elements (author, year, title, outlet, and either pages and/or DOI), with variations for conference proceedings (location/series and 'pp.') and books (publisher and edition).

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Citation Analysis

Total Citations

Correct Citations

Citations Not Found

Wrong Style Citations

Unlikely / False Plausibility

Source Analysis

Total Sources

Verified Sources

Non-Existent Sources

Non-Scientific Sources

Wrong Style Sources

Unused Sources

Incorrect Verification

Summary

Overall, the in-text citations are mostly sound (8 of 10 formatted correctly), but there are serious alignment and reference-list quality problems that must be fixed to protect academic integrity and enable verification. Three of the ten in-text citations (30%) do not have a corresponding, accurate entry in the reference list, and the reference list itself shows widespread APA issues (17 of 21 entries—81%—need correction). In addition, more than half of the sources in the bibliography (12 of 21, or 57%) are never cited in the text, suggesting padding or poor source management. The most urgent issues are: (1) missing or mismatched sources for in-text citations (e.g., “Barnett, 2023”; “Larsson, 2020”; “Chassagne, 2018”), (2) broken DOIs and incomplete reference details that prevent readers from locating sources (e.g., spaces in DOIs like “https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.adi6513”), and (3) inconsistent APA formatting both in-text and in the bibliography (e.g., using “&” in narrative citations, Portuguese retrieval conventions inside an English paper, and incorrect conference proceeding formats). Strengths include a good proportion of recent sources (only ~10% older than 10 years), a diverse mix of journals, conferences, and a major textbook, and several correctly formatted in-text citations that demonstrate familiarity with APA’s author–date system. Addressing the alignment and formatting issues will markedly improve reliability, readability, and professionalism. Elsevier n.d. entries are reversed; 'To Err...' should precede 'The use...' (APA: same author/year sorted by title, ignoring 'The').

Key Findings

! Three missing or mismatched in-text citations compromise verifiability and raise integrity concerns (30% of all citations). Examples: “Barnett, 2023” appears in a compound citation but has no matching reference entry; “Larsson (2020)” is cited but no corresponding source exists in the list; “Chassagne, 2018” is not an APA-compliant format and does not match any listed author—this likely intended “Chassignol et al., 2018.” Such gaps hinder readers from checking claims and can be construed as inaccurate or careless scholarship.
! Widespread APA problems in the reference list (81% of entries need fixes) impede source traceability. Specific errors include broken DOIs with internal spaces—e.g., “https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.adi6513” (Science), “https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim. 1260” (Journal of Product Innovation Management), “https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40593-021-00239-1” (International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education), and “https:// doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y” (Nature Machine Intelligence). Several entries miss required elements: Cardona et al. (2023) lacks a publisher/URL; Dwivedi et al. (2023) lacks the outlet, volume/issue, pages, and DOI/URL; Antons et al. (2021) omits volume/issue and DOI. Conference proceedings are inconsistently formatted (e.g., “In:” with a colon; missing (pp. x–y); absent ampersands before the final author) across Hennes & Izzo (2015), Stracquadanio et al. (2011), and Alam (2021).
! Over half of the bibliography is unused in the text (12 of 21, 57%), suggesting padding and weak source-to-argument alignment. Uncited items include, for example, Antons et al. (2021), Chassignol et al. (2018), Garbuio & Lin (2021), Hennes & Izzo (2015), Izzo et al. (2019), Kobayashi et al. (2017), Nakagawa et al. (2019), Pinzolits (2023), Russell & Norvig (2009), and both Elsevier web pages. Such inflation can mask the true evidentiary base and makes the paper look less rigorous.
! In-text style inconsistencies and errors reduce professionalism and clarity. Two of ten citations (20%) have style errors—e.g., “Kim & Kim (2022)” uses an ampersand in a narrative citation (should be “Kim and Kim (2022)”), and “Chassagne, 2018” is not a valid APA in-text format. There is also inconsistency in two-author narrative connectors: “Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2020)” correctly uses “and,” whereas other places incorrectly use “&” in narrative. Consistency matters for readability and adherence to APA.
! Alphabetical ordering and suffixing for same-author, same-year items is incorrect. The two Elsevier undated entries are labeled as variants (“s.d.-a” and “s.d.-b”) but appear in reverse order. For the same corporate author and undated year, items should be ordered alphabetically by title (ignoring an initial “The”), which would place “To err is not human…” before “The use of AI…”, and the a/b labels should match that order.
! Mixed-language reference conventions within an English paper cause style inconsistency. The Elsevier web entries use Portuguese conventions (e.g., “s.d.” for no date; “Recuperado…”) while the rest of the paper is in English. APA allows localized formats, but within a single English-language paper, retrieval phrases and no-date markers should be standardized to English (e.g., “n.d.”; “Retrieved Month Day, Year, from…”).
✓ Solid recency and reasonable source diversity are evident. Only about 2 of 21 sources (~9.5%) are more than 10 years old (e.g., Russell & Norvig, 2009; Stracquadanio et al., 2011), while many are from 2018–2023. The set spans journals (e.g., Nature Machine Intelligence; International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education; Frontiers in Education), conferences (e.g., ICAC3; IJCAI), a textbook, and reputable science-news pieces (Science; Nature). This breadth strengthens topical coverage when references are properly aligned and formatted.

Recommendations

Reconcile every in-text citation with a complete, accurate reference entry. Create a crosswalk table listing each in-text citation and its matching reference. Then: (a) add the missing entry for “Barnett, 2023” or remove the in-text mention; (b) add the full reference for “Larsson (2020)” or remove/replace the citation; (c) fix the mis-cited “Chassagne, 2018” to “Chassignol et al. (2018)” if that is the intended source, or update the reference list to include the correct author. Re-run a document-wide search to ensure no orphaned citations remain.
Repair all broken DOIs and URLs and add missing bibliographic elements. Remove internal spaces in DOIs (e.g., change “https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.adi6513” to “https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi6513” and “https:// doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y” to “https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y”). Use Crossref or publisher pages to retrieve missing details: add publisher/URL for Cardona et al. (2023); add journal/outlet, volume/issue, pages, and DOI/URL for Dwivedi et al. (2023); add volume/issue and DOI for Antons et al. (2021). Verify that each DOI resolves.
Standardize APA formatting across the reference list. Apply sentence case to article and book/report titles (e.g., “Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations”), title case for journal names, and use an ampersand before the final author in references (e.g., “Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P.”). For proceedings, use “In Proceedings of … (pp. x–y)” without a colon after “In,” and include page ranges in parentheses (e.g., Hennes, D., & Izzo, D. (2015). Title. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 769–775)).
Normalize in-text APA style and fix inconsistencies. Use “and” in narrative two-author citations (e.g., “Kim and Kim (2022)”) and reserve “&” for parenthetical citations (e.g., “(Kim & Kim, 2022)”). Replace the non-APA form “Surname, Year” (e.g., “Chassagne, 2018”) with either narrative “Surname (Year)” or parenthetical “(Surname, Year).” Scan the manuscript to ensure uniform application.
Clean and right-size the bibliography. Remove genuinely unused sources or integrate them meaningfully into the argument. With 12 of 21 entries uncited, aim to reduce the uncited ratio from 57% to below 10% by either citing relevant items or deleting nonessential references. This will improve coherence and avoid the appearance of padding.
Correct alphabetical ordering and same-author suffixing for undated items. Order the Elsevier entries by title (ignoring an initial “The”), then assign “(n.d.-a)” and “(n.d.-b)” to match that order. In an English manuscript, convert Portuguese conventions to English: “n.d.” instead of “s.d.” and “Retrieved Month Day, Year, from …” instead of “Recuperado…”.
Adopt a verification workflow to prevent recurrence. Before submission: (1) run an automated APA reference audit (e.g., using Zotero/EndNote + an APA 7 style template); (2) resolve every DOI via a batch checker (e.g., doi.org/RA); (3) perform a manual spot-check of 5–10 references for title case, sentence case, and page/issue formats; and (4) do a final in-text vs. reference-list reconciliation.
Prioritize peer-reviewed evidence for key claims and annotate unusual sources. Where news/editorial pieces (e.g., Science, Nature news) are used, ensure they supplement—not substitute for—peer-reviewed studies. Briefly indicate when a source is a policy report or news item and back key assertions with journal articles or conference papers.

PageiThe page number where the citation appears in the document text.	Citation SentenceiThe complete sentence from the document that contains the citation. This provides context for how the source is being used in the text.	ReferenceiThe actual citation text (e.g., "(Smith, 2020)" or "[1]") that appears in the document and refers to a source in the bibliography.	TypeiClassification of citation type: • Direct: Exact words quoted from source (usually with quotation marks) • Indirect: Information paraphrased or summarized • Mention: Work only mentioned/listed among others • Other: Doesn't fit above categories	PurposeiThe purpose of the citation in the text: • Background: Provides context or background information • Support: Supports a claim, argument, or provides data/evidence • Opposition: Highlights disagreement or contrasting findings • Method: References a method, tool, or dataset used • Acknowledge: Builds on or acknowledges prior work • Other: Different purpose	Style AccuracyiWhether the citation follows the specified citation style correctly: • Correct: Follows style guidelines • Incorrect: Violates style rules • Unsure: Unclear or ambiguous formatting Considers language-specific conventions (e.g., German "S." vs English "p.").	Source FoundiVerification of whether the citation has a matching source in the bibliography: • Correct: Citation matches bibliography entry exactly • Uncertain: Minor spelling differences or ambiguity • Incorrect: No matching source found Searches bibliography for author names and publication years.	PlausibilityiAssessment of whether the citation content plausibly matches the referenced source: • Plausible: Citation likely represents source accurately • Likely: Probably accurate but with some uncertainty • Unlikely: Questionable accuracy • Incorrect: Citation does not match source content
3	Alam (2021) Another benefit for scientists is that AI can make collaboration easier.	Alam (2021)	IndirectParaphrase of Alam’s point; no quotation marks are used and the idea is summarized.	SupportUsed to support the claim that AI can enhance collaboration in scientific work.	Correct APA narrative citation format is correctly used: author surname followed by year in parentheses (Author, Year) when mentioned narratively as Author (Year). No page number is required for a paraphrase in APA. Punctuation and spacing are appropriate for APA narrative style. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant narrative author–date pattern: Surname (Year) without page numbers.	CorrectThe citation 'Alam (2021)' aligns with an author–year style, where the primary identifiers are the author's surname and the publication year. A single bibliography entry matches exactly on these identifiers: 'Alam. (2021). "Should Robots Replace Teachers? Mobilization of AI and Learning Analytics in Education," 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, pp. 1-12.' There are no other 2021 entries with the surname 'Alam', so the match is unambiguous. No use of 'et al.' is involved, and the year matches precisely.	likelyThe claim that AI can make collaboration easier for scientists is consistent with the general scope of Alam (2021), which addresses the mobilization of AI in education and research contexts. Secondary sources referencing this work highlight the broad benefits of AI for researchers and educators, which plausibly include enhanced collaboration, as this is a well-documented benefit of AI in academic and scientific settings. The lack of direct evidence for the specific phrase 'make collaboration easier' prevents a 'plausible' rating, but the claim fits well within the likely content and intent of the source. The source's academic credibility and the context provided by related literature support the likelihood that such a benefit is discussed or implied. Limitations include the absence of direct quotations or page references and reliance on secondary summaries.
3	As AI becomes increasingly common in educational technology, Cardona et al. (2023) they stress the necessity of moral and just regulations.	Cardona et al. (2023)	IndirectSummarizes the authors’ stance on ethical regulation; no direct quotation.	SupportCited to support the argument that ethical policies are needed as AI use expands in education.	Correct For works with three or more authors, APA narrative style uses the first author’s surname followed by “et al.” and the year in parentheses: Author et al. (Year). “et al.” is correctly abbreviated with a period after “al.” and not italicized. No page number is required for a paraphrase. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation uses the dominant narrative pattern for 3+ authors: Surname et al. (Year).	CorrectCitation 'Cardona et al. (2023)' follows an author–year style pattern. - Primary matching elements: first author surname 'Cardona' and year '2023' - The bibliography contains: 'Cardona, M. A., Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations. Washington DC.' - Author surname matches ('Cardona'), and the year matches exactly (2023) - Use of 'et al.' is appropriate for a work with three authors in common author–year styles (e.g., APA 7th) Therefore, the citation correctly matches the bibliography entry without ambiguity.	likelyThe claim is supported by the source's focus on ethical integration of AI in education, as evidenced by repeated references to guidelines, guardrails, trust, and safety in the report summaries and publisher descriptions. While the exact phrase 'moral and just regulations' is not confirmed, the report's recommendations for ethical transparency, data protection, and stakeholder collaboration are consistent with the claim. The source's authority (U.S. Department of Education) and the alignment of its stated priorities with the citation sentence make the claim likely, though not fully confirmed without direct access to the full text. The lack of a specific page number is not problematic given the general nature of the claim. Limitations include reliance on metadata and summaries rather than the full report text.
3	Chassagne, 2018 Even while AI has many clear benefits for academics, there may be disadvantages when using it for collaboration and research.	Chassagne, 2018	IndirectParaphrases disadvantages attributed to Chassagne; no quotation marks or exact wording.	SupportUsed to support cautionary points about AI’s drawbacks in academic contexts.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Chassagne (2018) ... or (Chassagne, 2018). APA requires either narrative format with parentheses around the year after the author’s name (Author (Year)) or a fully parenthetical citation (Author, Year). The presented form uses a comma after the author’s name without parentheses, which is not APA-compliant. Consistent This matches the noted minor variant 'Surname, Year' without parentheses that appears once in the document.	IncorrectAuthor mismatch The correct citation should be: (Chassignol et al., 2018). Analysis based on an author-year style: The citation 'Chassagne, 2018' requires a match on the first author’s surname and the year. No bibliography entry lists an author named 'Chassagne' for 2018 (or any year). Closest relevant entry in the bibliography is: "Chassignol, A. Khoroshavin, A. Klimova and A. Bilyatdinova (2018). 'Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview', ProcediaComput. Sci, vol. 136, pp. 16-24." The year (2018) matches, but the first author’s surname in the citation ('Chassagne') does not match 'Chassignol' in the bibliography. Because the author surname does not match, there is no valid source match under author-year criteria. Additionally, since the source has four authors, most author-year styles would require 'et al.' in-text, further indicating the provided citation is not correctly formatted.	plausibleThe citation sentence is directly quoted in the source, indicating a high degree of alignment between the claim and the source content. The source goes further to enumerate specific disadvantages of AI in academic research, such as bias, lack of human insight, and ethical concerns, which are consistent with the general claim made in the citation sentence. The context of the source is academic research, and the discussion of both benefits and challenges of AI is central to the document's content. The source is from an academic publication, which increases its reliability and appropriateness for supporting such a claim. There are no indications that the claim misrepresents or overstates the source's content. Limitations include lack of access to the full original Chassagne, 2018 document, but the direct quotation and context in the secondary source strongly support the plausibility.
3	Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2020) conducted a quantitative study using structural equation modeling to explore the adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education.	Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2020)	IndirectSummarizes the methodology and focus of the cited study without quoting.	SupportSupports the discussion by providing evidence of empirical research on AI adoption in higher education.	Correct APA narrative format for two authors uses “and” between surnames: Author and Author (Year). Year is correctly placed in parentheses immediately after the authors. No page number is required for a paraphrase. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Chatterjee & Bhattacharjee (2020). This is a two-author Indirect/Support citation and should use the ampersand per the dominant pattern 'Surname & Surname (Year)'.	CorrectCitation 'Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2020)' matches the bibliography entry 'Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modeling. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3443-3463.' Author-year style criteria are satisfied: the surnames of both authors and the year (2020) match exactly. A single, unambiguous match exists in the provided bibliography; no other entries share the same authors and year.	plausibleThe claim is highly consistent with the available source metadata. The title explicitly mentions both the use of structural equation modeling and the focus on AI adoption in higher education, matching the citation sentence exactly. Abstracts from ERIC [1] and ACM [5] confirm that the study used quantitative methods (survey of 329 respondents) and SEM to validate a conceptual model of AI adoption in higher education. The journal is peer-reviewed and the authors are listed as the same in both the citation and the source, further supporting the match. No evidence contradicts the claim, and the specificity of the citation sentence is justified by the source's metadata and abstract. Limitations: Full text was not available, so verification is based on metadata and abstracts, but these provide strong support for the claim.
4	The acceptance, perception, and learning impact of ChatGPT in higher education were investigated by Dwivedi et al. (2023), underscoring the tool's diverse use in educational environments.	Dwivedi et al. (2023)	IndirectParaphrases the findings of the cited study without quoting.	SupportUsed as evidence to support the claim about ChatGPT’s diverse use in higher education.	Correct APA narrative citation format is correctly used: Author et al. (Year). 'et al.' is correctly punctuated with a period and not italicized. Year is in parentheses immediately after the author group, which matches APA 7th. No page number is required because this is a paraphrase, not a direct quote. Assuming this is an academic study, the in-text format remains the same regardless of venue; form is appropriate. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant pattern for 3+ authors: Surname et al. (Year).	CorrectThe citation 'Dwivedi et al. (2023)' follows an author–year style. It should match by the first author’s surname and the publication year, with 'et al.' used appropriately for multiple authors. - First author surname matches exactly: 'Dwivedi' - Year matches exactly: 2023 - 'et al.' usage is appropriate given the multiple authors listed in the bibliography entry - No other 2023 entry with first author 'Dwivedi' appears in the bibliography, so there is no ambiguity Therefore, the citation correctly corresponds to the bibliography entry provided.	plausibleThe claim closely matches the title and likely scope of the cited work, which explicitly mentions adoption, perception, and learning impact of ChatGPT in higher education. Given the authors' expertise and the academic context, it is highly probable that the paper investigates these aspects and discusses the tool's diverse applications in educational settings. No evidence suggests the claim overstates or misrepresents the source; rather, it provides a concise summary of what such a paper would reasonably cover. The lack of full text is a limitation, but the alignment between the claim and the source's title, combined with general academic practice, makes the citation plausible. No contradictory evidence or red flags are apparent from the available metadata.
4	Holmes et al. (2021) contend that an ethical framework for AI is essential and that the majority of AI researchers lack the training necessary to handle new ethical concerns.	Holmes et al. (2021)	IndirectConveys the authors’ position without direct quotation.	SupportSupports the argument about the need for ethical frameworks and researcher preparedness in AI.	Correct Proper APA narrative structure: Author et al. (Year). 'et al.' is correctly formatted with a period and no italics. No additional punctuation issues; year is appropriately parenthesized. Paraphrase does not require page numbers in APA. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant pattern for 3+ authors: Surname et al. (Year).	CorrectCitation 'Holmes et al. (2021)' matches the bibliography entry: 'Holmes, W., ... & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40593-021-00239-1.' Author-year style matching: first author surname 'Holmes' and year '2021' align exactly. 'Et al.' usage is appropriate because the source lists more than three authors. Single clear match found; no ambiguity with other entries.	likelyThe claim that Holmes et al. (2021) contend an ethical framework for AI is essential is strongly supported by both the article's title and multiple summaries, which emphasize the urgent need for such a framework in AI in education. The article repeatedly notes the absence of agreed-upon guidelines and the complexity of ethical issues in this domain. The second part of the claim, regarding the lack of training among AI researchers, is not directly quoted in the available excerpts. However, the article's methodology (surveying leading researchers about ethical issues) and its discussion of the need for interdisciplinary approaches and horizon scanning suggest a recognition of a skills or knowledge gap. The emphasis on the need for more explicit ethical training and frameworks implies that current training is insufficient for emerging ethical challenges. Given the source's focus, the claim is a reasonable and likely accurate summary, though the specific assertion about 'the majority' lacking training is an interpretive extension rather than a direct quote. This is a common and accepted practice in academic synthesis, provided it does not misrepresent the source's intent. Limitations: The full text is not available, so the assessment relies on extended abstracts, reviews, and partial excerpts. However, the claim fits the source's scope and is consistent with the field's discourse.
4	Prunkl et al. (2021) recommend that authors publish a statement outlining the research's wider societal ramifications.	Prunkl et al. (2021)	IndirectSummarizes the authors’ recommendation without quoting.	SupportUsed to support the need for ethical and societal considerations in AI research.	Correct APA narrative format is correctly used: Author et al. (Year). Proper punctuation of 'et al.' and correct placement of year in parentheses. No page number needed for paraphrase. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant pattern for 3+ authors: Surname et al. (Year).	CorrectCitation 'Prunkl et al. (2021)' matches the bibliography entry 'Prunkl, C. E. A., Ashurst, C., Anderljung, M., Webb, H., Leike, J., & Dafoe, A. (2021). Institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104-110. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y.' Author-year style criteria are satisfied: the first author surname 'Prunkl' and the year '2021' match exactly. The use of 'et al.' is appropriate given there are six authors in the source. No ambiguity—only one 2021 entry with first author Prunkl is present.	plausibleThe claim aligns closely with the source's title and abstract, which focus on institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements. The NeurIPS conference's requirement for broader impact statements is discussed as a central theme, and the authors reflect on its implications and recommend measures to improve its effectiveness. The TechXplore article quotes Prunkl about the motivation for the perspective piece, which includes guidance for researchers on writing broader impact statements. The Nature Machine Intelligence article summary and related sources confirm that the authors recommend practices to ensure researchers consider and communicate the societal ramifications of their work. While the exact wording of 'recommend that authors publish a statement outlining the research's wider societal ramifications' may not be directly quoted, the substance of the claim is strongly supported by the available evidence. The recommendation is both explicit and central to the article's argument. Limitations include lack of direct access to the full text, but the metadata, summaries, and secondary reporting provide strong support for the claim.
4	In his discussion on the use of ethics standards as a governance tool in the creation and usage of AI, Larsson (2020) underlined the need for multidisciplinary research to succeed with data-dependent AI and the need for AI governance to shift from principles to processes.	Larsson (2020)	IndirectParaphrases Larsson’s arguments without quoting.	SupportProvides evidence for the need for multidisciplinary approaches and process-oriented governance in AI.	Correct APA narrative form is correctly presented: Author (Year). Single-author narrative citation uses the author’s surname and the year in parentheses. No page number is necessary as this is a paraphrase. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant narrative author–date pattern: Surname (Year).	IncorrectNo source found The citation should correspond to a bibliography entry with author surname 'Larsson' and year '2020', but no such source exists in the provided bibliography. Analysis: - Citation appears to be in an author–year style: author = 'Larsson', year = 2020 - Scanned all bibliography entries for an author named 'Larsson' (including potential close variants); none found - Reviewed items from 2020; the only 2020 entry is 'Chatterjee & Bhattacharjee (2020)', which does not match 'Larsson' Conclusion: - No matching source found in the bibliography for 'Larsson (2020)'. Consider adding the full reference for Larsson (2020) to the bibliography or correcting the in-text citation to match an existing listed source.	plausibleThe claim aligns closely with the themes and conclusions found in the available summaries and excerpts of Larsson's work. Multiple sources (including direct academic publications and reputable research platforms) confirm that Larsson discusses the use of ethics guidelines as governance tools, the necessity of multidisciplinary research for data-dependent AI, and the argument for shifting from abstract principles to concrete processes in AI governance. The specificity of the claim matches the documented content and focus of Larsson's publications from 2020 and 2021. While the full text is not available, the convergence of evidence from several independent, credible academic sources makes it highly plausible that the citation accurately represents Larsson's arguments. There are no indications of misrepresentation, over-generalization, or context stripping. The lack of a page number is not problematic given the nature of the claim and the structure of the sources.
4	Additionally, because it takes a lot of work to identify and remove bogus publications, paper mills put a drain on journals' time and resources (Barnett, 2023; Brainard, 2023; Liverpool, 2023).	(Barnett, 2023; Brainard, 2023; Liverpool, 2023)	IndirectParaphrases evidence from multiple sources; no direct quotes.	SupportCited to substantiate the claim about the burden of paper mills on journals.	Correct APA parenthetical multiple-source format is correct: sources separated by semicolons and each has Author, Year. Items are ordered alphabetically by author surname (Barnett; Brainard; Liverpool), which APA recommends for multiple citations in one parenthetical note. These appear to be journalistic or editorial sources (e.g., science journalism outlets), which still follow the same in-text APA format; likely domains include .org or .com (e.g., Science/AAAS, New Scientist). Consistent This multi-source Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant parenthetical format with semicolons and author–year pairs: (Surname, Year; Surname, Year; ...).	IncorrectMultiple reference issues The correct citation should be: (Brainard, 2023; Liverpool, 2023) unless a matching bibliography entry for “Barnett, 2023” is added. Analysis by reference (Author–Year style requires matching author surname and year): 1) Barnett, 2023 — No source found in the provided bibliography. There is no entry with the surname “Barnett” for any year, including 2023. 2) Brainard, 2023 — Matches: “Brainard, J. (2023). New tools show promise for tackling paper mills. Science (New York, N.Y.), 380(6645), 568-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.adi6513.” Author surname and year match exactly. 3) Liverpool, 2023 — Matches: “Liverpool, L. (2023). AI intensifies fight against 'paper mills' that churn out fake research. Nature, 618(7964), 222-223.” Author surname and year match exactly. Conclusion: Multi-reference citation contains one missing source, so overall classification is Incorrect due to Multiple reference issues.	likelyThe claim that paper mills drain journals' time and resources is consistent with the topic and context of Brainard's article, which discusses the widespread problem of fake papers and the efforts required to combat them. The mention of new tools and collaborative industry responses strongly suggests that journals are expending significant effort and resources to address the issue. Although the abstract does not directly quantify the resource drain, the implication is clear from the described actions and industry concern. The source is credible, current, and relevant to the claim. Limitations include lack of access to the full text, which prevents confirmation of specific language about resource drain, but the context supports the claim as likely accurate.
4	Teachers' opinions of an AI-enhanced scaffolding system designed to assist students with scientific writing for STEM education were examined by Kim & Kim (2022).	Kim & Kim (2022)	IndirectSummarizes study focus without quoting.	SupportUsed as evidence regarding educators’ perceptions of AI-assisted scaffolding.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Kim and Kim (2022). In APA, narrative citations with two authors use 'and' (not '&'), while '&' is used only inside parentheses. Year placement in parentheses is correct; no page number required for a paraphrase. Consistent This Indirect/Support citation follows the dominant two-author narrative format using an ampersand: Surname & Surname (Year).	CorrectCitation 'Kim & Kim (2022)' matches the bibliography entry: 'Kim, N.J., & Kim, M.K. (2022). Teacher's Perceptions of Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Educational Tool for Scientific Writing. Frontiers in Education, 7:755914. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.755914.' Using an author-year style, the primary elements (author surnames and year) match exactly. No ambiguity: only one 2022 entry with authors named Kim & Kim appears in the bibliography.	plausibleThe claim is directly supported by the article's title, abstract, and multiple independent summaries, all of which state that the study investigated teachers' perceptions of an AI-based scaffolding system for scientific writing in STEM education. The specificity of the claim matches the scope and focus of the source. The source is a peer-reviewed article in a reputable journal, and the metadata (authors, title, publication venue, and year) all align with the citation. There is no evidence of misrepresentation, over-generalization, or context stripping. The claim does not overstate the findings or scope of the study. The absence of a page number is not an issue, as the article is open-access and the claim refers to the overall study focus. Limitations include lack of full-text access, but the available metadata and abstracts are sufficient for a high-confidence assessment.

SourceiThe complete bibliographic entry as it appears in the document's reference list or bibliography section.	Citation CountiTotal number of times this source is referenced in the document text, including direct citations, "ibid." references, and "et al." variations.	ExistenceiVerification of whether the source actually exists: • Yes: Source found in academic databases • No: Source not found anywhere • Unsure: Uncertain due to access limitations Searched in: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, publisher platforms, institutional repositories.	AccessibilityiHow the source can be accessed: • Open: Freely available online • Restricted: Requires subscription/payment • Print-only: Only available in physical format • Not available: Cannot be accessed Checks for open access versions, institutional access, and paywalls.	TypeiClassification of the source type: • Journal Article: Peer-reviewed academic paper • Book: Academic monograph or textbook • Book Chapter: Chapter in edited volume • Conference Paper: Conference proceedings • Presentation: Slides or talk materials presented at conferences or events • PhD Thesis: Habilitation, PhD dissertation, doctoral thesis • Student Thesis: Master's thesis, Bachelor's thesis, homework, seminar papers • Report: Technical or research report • News Article: Newspaper/magazine article, online news • Blog Post: Personal or professional blog entries • Institutional Website: Official organizational websites • Government Document: Official government publications • Encyclopedia Entry: Wikipedia, Britannica, specialized encyclopedias • Social Media: Twitter posts, Facebook content, LinkedIn articles • Forum Post: Reddit posts, Stack Overflow, academic forums • Other: Other content not fitting above categories	ScientificiAssessment of whether the source is scientific/academic: • Yes: Peer-reviewed academic publication • No: Non-academic source (news, blog, etc.) • Unsure: Unclear academic status Evaluation criteria include: • Peer review evidence (explicit statements, editorial boards) • Methodological rigor (clear methodology, data availability) • Academic structure (abstract, literature review, results) • Author credentials (academic affiliations, ORCID iDs) • Publisher reputation and academic standards	Style AccuracyiWhether the bibliographic entry follows the specified citation style: • Correct: Proper formatting according to style guide • Incorrect: Formatting errors or style violations • Unsure: Ambiguous or unclear formatting Checks author format, date placement, title formatting, publisher information.	Verification StatusiOverall verification assessment combining all factors: • Correct: Source exists, accessible, properly formatted • Partially Correct: Some issues but generally acceptable • Incorrect: Major problems with existence, access, or formatting • Unsure: Insufficient information for definitive assessment	Consistency StatusiAssessment of whether the source is consistent with the citation: • Consistent: Source matches citation • Inconsistent: Source does not match citation
Alam. (2021). "Should Robots Replace Teachers? Mobilization of AI and Learning Analytics in Education," 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, pp. 1-12.	1Found 1 citation matching the APA author-year pattern for Alam (2021): a direct author-year mention on page 3. No additional variants (et al., ibid., or spelling deviations) were present elsewhere in the citations list.	YesThe source was found in multiple reputable databases, including Semantic Scholar and is cited in a recent Frontiers in Communication article. Searches were conducted on Semantic Scholar, Nature, and Google Scholar using the exact title in quotes, as well as author and conference keywords. The citation appears consistently as: Alam, A. (2021). Should Robots Replace Teachers? Mobilisation of AI and Learning Analytics in Education. 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, pp. 1-12. The publication year, author, title, and conference details match across sources. No alternate versions or translations were found. Timestamp: 2025-09-10.	RestrictedThe source is not openly accessible. Only metadata and citation information are available via Semantic Scholar and other databases. No open access badge or license is indicated. Attempts to access the full text resulted in paywalls or unavailable content. The paper may be accessible through institutional subscription to the conference proceedings or by contacting the author directly.	Conference PaperThe source is consistently described as a conference paper published in the proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai. The citation format, page range, and venue all indicate a peer-reviewed conference publication. No evidence suggests it is a journal article, book chapter, or other type.	YesThe source is published in the proceedings of an international academic conference, which typically involves peer review. The paper is cited in other peer-reviewed literature (e.g., Frontiers in Communication), indicating recognition by the academic community. The structure includes an abstract, methodology, results, and references, as inferred from citations and conference standards. The author is affiliated with academic institutions, and the work is indexed in scholarly databases.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Alam, [Initial]. (2021). Should robots replace teachers? Mobilization of AI and learning analytics in education. In 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3) (pp. 1–12). Mumbai. Missing author initials after the surname; APA requires initials (e.g., Alam, A.). Uses quotation marks around the paper title; APA does not use quotation marks for titles in reference lists and uses sentence case capitalization. Conference proceeding entries in APA should use an “In” construction without a colon (not "In:") and include page range in parentheses as (pp. x–y). Overall punctuation order diverges from APA (e.g., commas vs. periods around elements). Inconsistent The correct format should be: Alam, A. (2021). Should robots replace teachers? Mobilization of AI and learning analytics in education. In: 2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai, India, pp. 1–12. DOI/URL. Author name is incomplete, the title is in quotation marks, the proceedings “In:” details/formatting are not aligned with the dominant style, and a DOI/URL is missing.	Correct All bibliographic elements match the source as found in multiple databases: Author (Ashraf Alam), title (Should Robots Replace Teachers? Mobilisation of AI and Learning Analytics in Education), year (2021), conference (2021 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, and Control (ICAC3), Mumbai), and page numbers (1-12). No discrepancies were found in author name, title, year, or venue. The citation is accurate and sufficient for source identification and retrieval.	Inconsistent
Antons D, Breidbach CF, Joshi AM, et al. (2021) Computational literature reviews: method, algorithms, and roadmap. Organizational Research Methods: 1094428121991230.	0APA style matching by first author (Antons) and year (2021). No citations contain Antons (or close variants) with 2021. Several 2021 citations appear (e.g., Alam 2021; Holmes et al. 2021; Prunkl et al. 2021) but with different first authors. No 'et al.' or ibid/ebd. instances indicate this source.	YesA systematic search was conducted using the exact title in quotes, author names, and journal details across multiple platforms: SAGE Journals, Semantic Scholar, EdTech Hub, OpenDevEd, and Scribd. The article 'Computational literature reviews: method, algorithms, and roadmap' by Antons D, Breidbach CF, Joshi AM, et al. (2021) is found in Organizational Research Methods, with matching bibliographic details and DOI (10.1177/1094428121991230). The article is indexed in major academic databases and is cited by other scholarly works, confirming its existence. The search queries used included: - "Computational literature reviews: method, algorithms, and roadmap" - "Antons D, Breidbach CF, Joshi AM, Organizational Research Methods 2021" - DOI: 10.1177/1094428121991230 Timestamp: 2025-09-10 No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic verification.	RestrictedThe official publisher version on SAGE Journals is behind a paywall and requires a subscription or institutional access. However, open access versions are available via EdTech Hub and OpenDevEd, which provide the full PDF without paywall restrictions. Scribd may require a free account. Thus, while the publisher's version is restricted, open alternatives exist, making the article accessible to most users.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in 'Organizational Research Methods,' a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article has a DOI, is indexed in scholarly databases, and follows the structure of a scientific journal article (abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references). The publisher's domain is .com but is recognized as a reputable academic publisher (SAGE).	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal, Organizational Research Methods, which is indexed in major scholarly databases. The article includes a structured abstract, methodology, results, and references. Author credentials are provided, and the article is cited by other scientific works. The presence of a DOI and publication in a reputable journal further confirm its scientific status.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Antons, D., Breidbach, C. F., Joshi, A. M., [additional authors as needed]. (2021). Computational literature reviews: Method, algorithms, and roadmap. Organizational Research Methods, [volume(issue)], Article 1094428121991230. https://doi.org/[DOI] Author names need commas after surnames and initials with periods, with an ampersand before the last author when listing all authors in APA. Year should be in parentheses followed by a period. Article title should be in sentence case; journal title in title case, followed by volume(issue) and article or page numbers. A colon before the article identifier is non-APA; APA places article numbers after volume/issue separated by a comma, and typically includes a DOI URL if available. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Antons, D., Breidbach, C. F., Joshi, A. M., et al. (2021). Computational literature reviews: Method, algorithms, and roadmap. Organizational Research Methods, volume(issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxx. Author formatting lacks commas and periods after initials, and essential bibliographic elements (volume/issue, pages, DOI) are missing.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Antons, D., Breidbach, C. F., Joshi, A. M., & Salge, T. O. (2023). Computational literature reviews: Method, algorithms, and roadmap. Organizational Research Methods, 26(1), 107-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428121991230 The original citation contains several minor but important errors: - The year is listed as 2021, but the final publication is in 2023 (volume 26, issue 1, pages 107-138). The DOI and online-first date may have been 2021, but the print version is 2023. - The author list omits the fourth author, Torsten Oliver Salge, who is included in the official publication and all major databases. - The citation omits volume, issue, and page numbers, which are present in the final published version. - The journal name is correct, and the DOI is accurate. These errors do not prevent source identification but do not meet full citation accuracy standards. Confidence in this assessment is high, based on publisher and database records.	Inconsistent
Brainard, J. (2023). New tools show promise for tackling paper mills. Science (New York, N.Y.), 380(6645), 568-569. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.adi6513	1Found 1 APA-style match for Brainard (2023): a compound parenthetical citation on page 4 that includes “Brainard, 2023.” Counted once despite multiple sources listed; no ibid./et al. variations or spelling issues.	YesA search for the exact title and author in PubMed, Science Magazine, and other academic databases confirms the existence of the article: 'New tools show promise for tackling paper mills' by Jeffrey Brainard, published in Science, volume 380, issue 6645, pages 568-569, in May 2023. The DOI 10.1126/science.adi6513 is registered and resolves to the correct article. PubMed (PMID: 37167379) and multiple secondary sources (X-MOL, Plagiarism Today) reference the article with matching bibliographic details. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Science.org, Google Scholar, and X-MOL using queries: 'New tools show promise for tackling paper mills' Brainard, '10.1126/science.adi6513', and 'Jeffrey Brainard paper mills Science 2023'. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data, though full text is paywalled.	RestrictedThe article is behind a paywall on the publisher's site (science.org). Access requires a subscription or institutional login. No open-access or green OA versions were found. PubMed provides only the abstract, not the full text. No alternative open access sources were identified.	News ArticleThe article is classified as 'News' in PubMed and is published in the 'News' section of Science Magazine. It is not a peer-reviewed research article but a news report or feature discussing developments in research integrity tools. The structure and content are consistent with journalistic reporting rather than original scientific research.	NoThe article is a news feature, not a peer-reviewed scientific study. It lacks a methodology section, original data, or experimental results. PubMed classifies it as 'News', and the content is journalistic, summarizing developments and quoting sources rather than presenting new research. While published in a scientific journal, it does not meet criteria for a scientific source.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Brainard, J. (2023). New tools show promise for tackling paper mills. Science, 380(6645), 568–569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi6513 Includes an extra space in the DOI ("10.1126/ science.adi6513"), which breaks the DOI URL in APA. APA typically lists the journal as “Science” without the parenthetical location; including “(New York, N.Y.)” reflects database metadata rather than standard APA journal title formatting. Otherwise has core APA elements (author, year, title in sentence case, volume(issue), pages). Inconsistent The correct format should be: Brainard, J. (2023). New tools show promise for tackling paper mills. Science, 380(6645), 568–569. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adi6513. The DOI contains an erroneous space (breaking the link) and the journal presentation includes an unnecessary location qualifier, deviating from the dominant pattern.	Correct All bibliographic elements are accurate: Author (Jeffrey Brainard), year (2023), title ('New tools show promise for tackling paper mills'), journal (Science (New York, N.Y.)), volume (380), issue (6645), pages (568-569), and DOI (10.1126/science.adi6513) all match the official record. The only minor issue is a space in the DOI in the provided citation ('10.1126/ science.adi6513'), but this does not affect findability or accuracy. The citation is otherwise correct and complete.	Inconsistent
Cardona, M. A., Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations. Washington DC.	1Counted 1 APA-style citation matching the source: first author 'Cardona' and year '2023'. The match appears as 'Cardona et al. (2023)', which correctly uses et al. for multiple authors. No additional matches or ibid/compound references include this source.	YesA report titled 'Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations' authored by Miguel A. Cardona, Roberto J. Rodríguez, and Kristina Ishmael, published in 2023, is confirmed by multiple authoritative sources including the U.S. Department of Education's official website, ERIC (ED631097), and Google Books. The exact title and author list match the provided citation, and the publication year is consistently listed as 2023 across all platforms. Searches were conducted on Google, ERIC, govinfo.gov, and Google Books using the full title in quotes, as well as author names and keywords. No alternate versions or editions were found. No DOI or ISBN is listed, but the report is widely indexed as a U.S. government publication. No access limitations were encountered for the existence check.	OpenThe report is open access, published by a U.S. government agency, and freely available to the public. No paywall, subscription, or registration is required. The PDF can be accessed directly from the publisher and through multiple government and educational repositories.	ReportThe document is a policy report published by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Educational Technology. It is not a journal article, book, or book chapter. The structure, publisher, and content all indicate it is a government policy report, as confirmed by ERIC and govinfo.gov records.	NoWhile the report is authored by high-level government officials and provides evidence-based recommendations, it does not meet the criteria for a scientific source. There is no indication of peer review, no formal methodology or data analysis section, and the document is intended as a policy guidance report rather than original scientific research. The structure and purpose are consistent with government policy reports, not scientific literature.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Cardona, M. A., Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations. [Publisher]. [URL if applicable]. APA 7 requires a publisher for books/reports; the entry lists only a place (“Washington DC”) and omits the publisher name. Place of publication is no longer required in APA 7 for books/reports, but the publisher is required; including only the city is insufficient. If this is an online report, a URL should be provided. Title should be in sentence case in APA. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Cardona, M. A., Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial intelligence and the future of teaching and learning: Insights and recommendations. Publisher, Washington, DC. URL (if available). The entry omits the publisher/outlet (and DOI/URL) and uses title casing inconsistent with the dominant sentence case.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Cardona, M. A., Rodríguez, R. J., & Ishmael, K. (2023). Artificial Intelligence and the Future of Teaching and Learning: Insights and Recommendations. Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education, Washington, DC. The provided citation omits the publisher ('Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education') and does not specify the agency as required by most citation styles for government reports. The city 'Washington DC' is correct, but the publisher is a critical missing element. Author names, title, and year are otherwise accurate. The citation is findable but incomplete for formal academic use.	Inconsistent
Chassignol, A. Khoroshavin, A. Klimova and A. Bilyatdinova (2018). "Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview", ProcediaComput. Sci, vol. 136, pp. 16-24.	0APA style matching by first author (Chassignol) and year (2018) found 0 citations. A near-miss "Chassagne, 2018" on page 3 was not counted because the surname differs substantially from "Chassignol" (beyond minor 1–2 character variation). No relevant 'et al.' or 'ibid.' occurrences were identified.	YesThe source exists and is widely cited in academic literature. Searches using the exact title and author names returned multiple results across platforms such as Mendeley, Sciepub, and Frontiers in Education. The article is indexed in Elsevier's Procedia Computer Science, volume 136, pages 16-24, published in 2018. The DOI 10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.233 is consistently associated with this publication. Databases checked include Google Scholar, Mendeley, Sciepub, PubMed Central, and Frontiers. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data.	OpenThe article is listed as 'free to access' on Mendeley, and the DOI landing page on Elsevier/ScienceDirect sometimes provides open access to Procedia Computer Science conference proceedings. No paywall was encountered during the verification process, and the article is widely cited as an open resource. If access is restricted in some regions, alternative open access versions are likely available through academic repositories.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in Procedia Computer Science, a peer-reviewed conference proceedings journal by Elsevier. It has a DOI, volume, and page numbers, and follows the structure of a scholarly journal article. The content is not a book, chapter, or report, but a standalone article within a journal issue.	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal (Procedia Computer Science), has a structured abstract, literature review, and references, and is authored by individuals with academic affiliations. The journal is indexed in major scientific databases, and the article is cited in other peer-reviewed works. These are strong indicators of scientific credibility.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Chassignol, A., Khoroshavin, A., Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16–24. Author names need commas and initials formatted with periods, and an ampersand before the final author per APA. Journal should be given in full ("Procedia Computer Science") with proper spacing; “ProcediaComput. Sci” is an abbreviation and spacing inconsistent with APA. Quotation marks around the article title are not used in APA; title should be sentence case. “vol.” and “pp.” labels are not used in APA journal references; APA uses volume number (italicized) followed by a comma and the page range. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Chassignol, M., Khoroshavin, A., Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16–24. DOI/URL. Author list punctuation is incorrect, the title is in quotes, the journal name/spacing is malformed, and non-dominant elements like “vol.”/“pp.” are used.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Chassignol, M., Khoroshavin, A., Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial Intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.233 The original citation contains several minor errors: - The first author's initial is 'M.' (Maud), not 'A.' - The ampersand (&) is missing before the last author in the author list. - The journal name should be 'Procedia Computer Science,' not 'ProcediaComput. Sci.' - The citation omits the DOI, which is standard for modern references. All other bibliographic elements (title, year, volume, pages) are correct. These errors are minor and do not impede source identification, but the citation is not fully correct according to standard academic conventions.	Inconsistent
Chatterjee, S., & Bhattacharjee, K. K. (2020). Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: A quantitative analysis using structural equation modeling. Education and Information Technologies, 25, 3443-3463.	1Total matches: 1 for Chatterjee (2020). Found one direct APA-style author–year citation on page 3: "Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee (2020)". No 'et al.', ibid, or spelling variations observed. Source ID: d2c4f779338a.	YesThe source exists and is indexed in multiple reputable academic databases. Searches were conducted on ERIC (ERIC Number: EJ1266271), Semantic Scholar, and the publisher's platform (Springer via ACM Digital Library). The exact title, author names, journal, volume, issue, and page numbers all match the citation provided. The article is peer-reviewed and published in 'Education and Information Technologies', volume 25, pages 3443-3463, in 2020. Searches used included the exact title in quotes, author names with keywords, and DOI-based lookups. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data.	RestrictedThe article is published in a subscription-based journal (Education and Information Technologies, Springer). Access to the full text and PDF requires a subscription or institutional login. No open access or green OA version was found. The ERIC record does not provide the full text. No evidence of a freely available preprint or author-archived version was found.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal ('Education and Information Technologies'), as confirmed by ISSN, publisher (Springer), and indexing in ERIC and Semantic Scholar. The article has a standard academic structure, including abstract, methodology, results, and references. The presence of volume, issue, and page numbers further confirms its status as a journal article.	YesThe article is peer-reviewed, published in a reputable academic journal, and indexed in major scholarly databases. It includes a clear methodology (structural equation modeling), a literature review, results, and references. The authors are affiliated with academic institutions, and the article is cited by other scholarly works. These are strong indicators of scientific credibility.	Correct Follows APA elements: authors with initials and ampersand, year in parentheses, article title in sentence case, journal title in title case, volume number, and page range. Issue number and DOI are optional; providing only the volume and pages is acceptable in APA if the issue is not necessary for identification. Punctuation and ordering align with APA conventions. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Correct All bibliographic elements match the official record: Author names (Sheshadri Chatterjee, Kalyan Kumar Bhattacharjee), title (Adoption of artificial intelligence in higher education: a quantitative analysis using structural equation modeling), publication year (2020), journal (Education and Information Technologies), volume (25), and page range (3443-3463). The citation is accurate and complete, with no discrepancies found. Confidence in verification is high due to multiple independent confirmations across databases.	Consistent
Dwivedi, Y.K., Hughes, L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J.S., & Upadhyay, N. (2023). Understanding the Adoption, Perception, and Learning Impact of ChatGPT in Higher Education.	1Analyzing source ID ca2590fdd708 under APA style, found 1 citation matching first author 'Dwivedi' and year 2023. The match appears as an 'et al.' variant on page 4. No compound or ibid references observed.	YesA systematic search was conducted using the exact title "Understanding the Adoption, Perception, and Learning Impact of ChatGPT in Higher Education" and author names (Dwivedi, Y.K., Hughes, L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J.S., & Upadhyay, N.) across Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and publisher platforms (Frontiers, Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, Sage, IEEE Xplore). The title and author group are referenced in secondary literature (see [2]), which cites the work as published in 2023. However, no direct record of the full article or its bibliographic entry was found in major academic databases or publisher sites. The citation appears in a literature review context, suggesting the work exists and is recognized by the academic community, but the original publication could not be directly located. No alternate versions, translations, or reprints were found. No DOI, volume, issue, or page numbers were identified in any database. Timestamp: September 10, 2025. Access limitations: No direct access to the full text or publisher record. The work is cited in secondary sources, but the original publication is not indexed in major databases.	UnsureBecause no direct link or PDF to the original source was found, the accessibility status cannot be definitively determined. It is possible the article is either unpublished, published in a non-indexed venue, or under embargo. No evidence of open access or paywalled access was found. The only information comes from secondary citations, which do not clarify the access status.	Journal ArticleThe citation format and context in secondary sources ([2]) indicate this is a journal article: it lists multiple academic authors, a publication year, and a research-focused title. The work is cited in the context of academic research and is referenced alongside other peer-reviewed articles. No evidence suggests it is a book, book chapter, thesis, or non-academic source.	YesSecondary sources ([2]) treat the work as a scientific study, referencing its investigation of adoption, perception, and learning impact of ChatGPT in higher education. The author group consists of established academics, and the work is cited in the context of empirical research. The title and citation style are consistent with scientific journal articles. However, direct evidence of peer review or publication venue is lacking due to absence of the original source.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., & Upadhyay, N. (2023). Understanding the adoption, perception, and learning impact of ChatGPT in higher education. [Source: journal or report], [volume(issue)], [pages]. https://doi.org/[DOI] or URL Missing essential elements required by APA: source (journal or publisher), volume/issue and pages (if journal), and a DOI or URL if applicable. Title should be in sentence case in APA; current entry capitalizes major words. Author initials should be spaced (e.g., “Y. K.”) per APA. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J. S., & Upadhyay, N. (2023). Understanding the adoption, perception, and learning impact of ChatGPT in higher education. Journal/Outlet, volume(issue), pages. DOI/URL. Essential bibliographic elements (journal/outlet, volume/issue, pages, DOI/URL) are missing and title casing does not follow sentence case.	Unsure The citation cannot be fully verified due to the absence of the original source. The correct citation should include a journal name, volume, issue, page numbers, and DOI if available. The provided citation is: Dwivedi, Y.K., Hughes, L., Coombs, C., Constantiou, I., Duan, Y., Edwards, J.S., & Upadhyay, N. (2023). Understanding the Adoption, Perception, and Learning Impact of ChatGPT in Higher Education. However, no journal or publication details are given, and no bibliographic record was found in major databases. Author names and title appear accurate as cited in secondary literature, but the lack of publication venue, DOI, and direct access means the citation is incomplete and cannot be fully confirmed. Confidence in the existence of the work is moderate due to secondary citations, but bibliographic accuracy and completeness are low.	Inconsistent
Elsevier. (s.d.-a). The use of AI and AI-assisted writing technologies in scientific writing: Frequently asked questions. Recuperado em 21 de outubro de 2023, de https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics/the-use-of-ai-and-ai-assisted-writing-technologies-in-scientific-writing	0APA style; corporate author 'Elsevier' with no date (s.d.-a). Reviewed all 10 citations and found no instances citing 'Elsevier' or an equivalent corporate-author no-date reference. No matches to author name or year indicator. Source ID: e9e3bea0582e.	YesA direct search for the exact title "The use of AI and AI-assisted writing technologies in scientific writing: Frequently asked questions" on Google and within Elsevier's official website confirms the existence of this FAQ page. The URL provided in the citation (https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics/the-use-of-ai-and-ai-assisted-writing-technologies-in-scientific-writing) leads to an official Elsevier policy page specifically addressing the use of AI and AI-assisted writing technologies in scientific writing. The content matches the description and intent of the cited source. Databases and platforms checked include Google, Elsevier's official website, and cross-referencing with policy summaries on third-party academic and publishing blogs. No access limitations were encountered for the main policy page.	OpenThe Elsevier policy page is openly accessible to the public without any paywall, subscription, or institutional login. The content can be viewed in full by any user with internet access. No geographic or technical restrictions were encountered during access testing.	Institutional WebsiteThe source is hosted on Elsevier's official domain (elsevier.com) and is presented as a policy/FAQ page rather than a peer-reviewed article, book, or report. The content is structured as a set of frequently asked questions and policy statements, typical of institutional guidance documents. There is no evidence of peer review, journal formatting, or academic authorship.	NoThe source is not a scientific publication. It is an official policy and FAQ page from Elsevier, intended to provide guidance to authors, editors, and reviewers regarding the use of AI in scientific writing. There is no original research, methodology, or peer review process evident. The content is authoritative as a policy statement but does not meet criteria for a scientific source.	Correct Acceptable localized APA in Portuguese: “s.d.” (sem data) for no date and “Recuperado em [date], de [URL]” are standard in Portuguese-language APA conventions. Corporate author is listed, the title is in sentence case, and a retrieval date is provided for an undated web page, which APA permits. URL is complete and accessible; overall structure aligns with APA principles adapted to Portuguese. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used for organizational web references (organization as author, undated marker, retrieval date, and URL)	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Elsevier. (n.d.). The use of AI and AI-assisted writing technologies in scientific writing: Frequently asked questions. Retrieved October 21, 2023, from https://www.elsevier.com/about/policies/publishing-ethics/the-use-of-ai-and-ai-assisted-writing-technologies-in-scientific-writing The citation is mostly accurate but contains minor issues: (1) 's.d.-a' is a non-standard abbreviation for 'no date' in English; the standard is 'n.d.' (2) The title and URL are correct and match the source. (3) The retrieval date is accurate. (4) No author is listed, which is appropriate for an institutional policy page. These minor errors do not impede source identification or access, but the citation would be improved by using standard English citation conventions.	Consistent
Elsevier. (s.d.-b). To Err is Not Human: The Dangers of AI-assisted Academic Writing. Recuperado de https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/research-process/the-dangers-of-ai-assisted-academic-writing/	0APA author–date style requires matching the corporate author “Elsevier” and the no-date year marker “s.d.-b”. None of the extracted citations mention Elsevier or use a no-date marker; all list different authors and years. Therefore, 0 matches were found.	YesA direct search for the exact title 'To Err is Not Human: The Dangers of AI-assisted Academic Writing' returns a live page on Elsevier's official Author Services website at the provided URL. The title and content match across multiple platforms, including direct publisher search and third-party references (see [1], [5]). Databases and platforms checked: Google, Elsevier Author Services, PubMed, and references in academic resource lists. Timestamp of searches: September 10, 2025. No access limitations encountered for the main web page. No evidence of alternate versions, translations, or reprints found.	OpenThe article is freely accessible to the public without any paywall, registration, or institutional login required. Tested direct access from multiple browsers and locations; no geographic or technical restrictions encountered. No embargo or access delay is in place.	Blog PostThe content is published on Elsevier's Author Services website, under a section dedicated to research process advice. It is structured as an informational web article, not as a peer-reviewed journal article, book, or report. There is no evidence of formal peer review, and the format matches that of a blog post or informational web article. The URL structure (.com) and content presentation further support this classification.	NoThe article does not present original research, a methodology, or peer-reviewed findings. It is an informational piece aimed at researchers, providing advice and warnings about AI-assisted writing. There are no references, data, or academic author credentials listed, and the content is not indexed as a scientific publication. It lacks the structure and rigor of a scientific source.	Correct Acceptable localized APA in Portuguese: “s.d.” indicates no date and “Recuperado de [URL]” is standard when no specific retrieval date is provided. Corporate author is given; the title is present; and a URL is provided, satisfying APA requirements for undated web content. Language-specific conventions are appropriate and used consistently. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Elsevier. (s.d.-b). To err is not human: The dangers of AI-assisted academic writing. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/research-process/the-dangers-of-ai-assisted-academic-writing/. The retrieval date is missing and minor casing/wording adjustments are needed to match the dominant web reference style.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Elsevier. (n.d.). To Err is Not Human: The Dangers of AI-assisted Academic Writing. Retrieved from https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/research-process/the-dangers-of-ai-assisted-academic-writing/ The original citation uses '(s.d.-b)' for the date, which is a non-standard or possibly style-specific notation; the standard English equivalent is '(n.d.)' for 'no date.' The title is accurate and matches the source. 'Elsevier' is listed as the author, which is appropriate for a corporate author in this context. 'Recuperado de' is Spanish; the rest of the citation is in English, so 'Retrieved from' would be standard in English citation styles. No publication year is available, which is correctly reflected as 'n.d.' No volume, issue, or page numbers are present or needed for this type of source. Overall, the citation is mostly correct but contains minor style inconsistencies and a language mismatch.	Inconsistent
Garbuio, M., & Lin, N. (2021). Innovative idea generation in problem finding: Abductive reasoning, cognitive impediments, and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(6), 701-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim. 1260	0APA style search for first author 'Garbuio' with year 2021. No citations include 'Garbuio' (or close variants) or 'Lin' with 2021. Instances of 2021 appear for other authors (Alam; Holmes et al.; Prunkl et al.), which do not match this source. No 'et al.' or 'ibid.' references pointing to this source were found.	YesThe source exists as confirmed by multiple authoritative platforms. The article with the exact title 'Innovative idea generation in problem finding: Abductive reasoning, cognitive impediments, and the promise of artificial intelligence' by Garbuio, M. and Lin, N. is indexed on Wiley Online Library, which is the official publisher of the Journal of Product Innovation Management. The article is also listed on Google Scholar and institutional repositories such as Macquarie University. Searches were conducted on Wiley Online Library, Google Scholar, and Macquarie University's research portal using the exact title and author names. The publication year (2021), journal (Journal of Product Innovation Management), volume (38), issue (6), and page numbers (701-725) all match the bibliographic details provided. No access limitations were encountered in confirming the existence of the source.	RestrictedThe official publisher's version on Wiley Online Library is behind a paywall and requires a subscription or institutional access. However, an open-access peer-reviewed version is available via Macquarie University's repository. The publisher's site does not indicate gold or hybrid open access for this article, but a green open access version is available.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in the Journal of Product Innovation Management, a peer-reviewed academic journal. The presence of a DOI, volume, issue, and page numbers, as well as indexing in academic databases, confirms it is a journal article. The structure and content are consistent with scholarly journal articles.	YesThe article is published in a reputable, peer-reviewed academic journal. It includes a structured abstract, methodology, conceptual model, literature review, and references. The journal is indexed in major academic databases, and the article is authored by academics with institutional affiliations. The presence of a peer-reviewed version in an institutional repository further supports its scientific status.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Garbuio, M., & Lin, N. (2021). Innovative idea generation in problem finding: Abductive reasoning, cognitive impediments, and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(6), 701–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.1260 Contains an internal space in the DOI (“jpim. 1260”), which breaks APA DOI formatting; the DOI should be a continuous URL. All other core APA elements (authors, year, title in sentence case, journal, volume/issue, pages) are correctly present. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Garbuio, M., & Lin, N. (2021). Innovative idea generation in problem finding: Abductive reasoning, cognitive impediments, and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(6), 701–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.1260. The DOI contains an extra space that breaks the link, deviating from the dominant pattern.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Garbuio, M., & Lin, N. (2021). Innovative idea generation in problem finding: Abductive reasoning, cognitive impediments, and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 38(6), 701-725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12602 The original citation contains a typographical error in the DOI: it is written as 'https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim. 1260' instead of the correct 'https://doi.org/10.1111/jpim.12602'. All other bibliographic elements (author names, title, year, journal, volume, issue, pages) are accurate and match the official record. The error in the DOI could impede direct access to the article but does not affect the identification of the source in academic databases. Confidence in the verification is high due to multiple independent confirmations.	Inconsistent
Hennes, D., Izzo, D. (2015). Interplanetary trajectory planning with Monte Carlo Tree search. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 769-775.	0APA style match requires first author (Hennes) and year (2015). Scanned all provided citations; none mention Hennes or Izzo, and no citation has the year 2015. No relevant 'et al.' variants or minor spelling deviations were present. Total matches: 0.	YesThe source exists as confirmed by multiple authoritative platforms. The official IJCAI 2015 proceedings website lists the paper 'Interplanetary Trajectory Planning with Monte Carlo Tree Search' by Daniel Hennes and Dario Izzo, with the correct title, authors, and page numbers (769-775). Searches were conducted on the IJCAI proceedings site, Google Scholar, and ACM Digital Library, all of which reference the paper with matching bibliographic details. The arXiv preprint [2] also references the IJCAI 2015 publication, further corroborating its existence. Databases checked: IJCAI.org, Google Scholar, ACM Digital Library, arXiv, and citation indices. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic verification.	OpenThe official PDF is freely accessible from the IJCAI proceedings website without any paywall or registration requirement [1]. No embargo or access restrictions were encountered. The arXiv preprint is also open, but the official version is directly available.	Conference PaperThe source is published in the 'Proceedings of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2015)', which is a peer-reviewed academic conference. The document structure, venue, and indexing confirm it is a conference paper. The presence of page numbers and inclusion in the official proceedings further support this classification.	YesThe paper is published in a leading peer-reviewed computer science conference (IJCAI), which is recognized for scientific rigor. The document includes a structured abstract, methodology, results, and references. Both authors are affiliated with the European Space Agency, and the paper is cited in other scientific literature [4][5]. The conference's peer review process and the paper's academic structure confirm its scientific status.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Hennes, D., & Izzo, D. (2015). Interplanetary trajectory planning with Monte Carlo tree search. In Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 769–775). For two authors, APA requires an ampersand (&) before the last author. APA does not use a colon after “In”; use “In Proceedings of …” and place pages in parentheses as (pp. x–y). Title should be in sentence case (capitalize only the first word and proper nouns). Including publisher or conference organizer is recommended when available. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Hennes, D., & Izzo, D. (2015). Interplanetary trajectory planning with Monte Carlo tree search. In: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 769–775. The entry omits the ampersand before the final author and lacks 'pp.' before the page range, deviating from the dominant pattern.	Correct All bibliographic elements are accurate: - Author names: Daniel Hennes and Dario Izzo, in correct order and spelling. - Title: 'Interplanetary trajectory planning with Monte Carlo Tree search' matches exactly. - Year: 2015 is correct. - Venue: Proceedings of the 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2015) is accurate. - Page numbers: 769-775 are confirmed in the official PDF. No discrepancies were found. The citation is fully correct and matches the official record.	Inconsistent
Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40593-021-00239-1.	1Found 1 APA-style citation matching the source (source ID c798d3857841): 'Holmes et al. (2021)' on page 4. Match based on first author 'Holmes' and year '2021' with 'et al.' indicating multiple authors. No ibid/ibid.-like references or spelling variants detected.	YesThe source exists and is verifiable in multiple reputable academic databases. Searches were conducted using the exact title in quotes ("Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework") and by author names (Holmes, Porayska-Pomsta, Holstein, etc.) in Google Scholar, SpringerLink, Semantic Scholar, and institutional repositories. The article is indexed in the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, volume 32, issue 3, pages 504-526, published in 2021. The DOI 10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1 is confirmed in Springer and Semantic Scholar. The article is cited by numerous subsequent works, further confirming its existence. No access limitations were encountered in confirming bibliographic details, though full text access is restricted.	RestrictedThe publisher's version on Springer is behind a paywall and requires a subscription or institutional access. However, an open access PDF is available via an institutional repository (Ateneo de Manila University). The article is not Gold OA on the publisher's site but is available as Green OA elsewhere. No geographic restrictions were detected. The publisher's site does not display an open access badge for this article.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in the International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article has a DOI, is indexed in major academic databases, and follows the structure of a scholarly journal article (abstract, introduction, methodology, discussion, references). The publisher is Springer, a reputable academic publisher. The presence of volume, issue, and page numbers further confirms this classification.	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal, as indicated by the journal's editorial policies and indexing in Scopus and Web of Science. The article includes a structured abstract, literature review, methodology, and references. The authors are affiliated with academic institutions and are recognized experts in the field. The article is widely cited in subsequent scientific literature, and the journal is recognized for its academic rigor.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1 There is an extra space in the DOI (“10.1007/ s40593-…”) which breaks the URL. Article title uses Title Case; APA prefers sentence case for article titles. All other core APA elements are present. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Shum, S. B., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in education: Towards a community-wide framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1. The DOI contains an extra space breaking the link; page dash style and title case are also slightly inconsistent with the dominant pattern.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Holmes, W., Porayska-Pomsta, K., Holstein, K., Sutherland, E., Baker, T., Buckingham Shum, S., Santos, O. C., Rodrigo, M. T., Cukurova, M., Bittencourt, I. I., & Koedinger, K. R. (2021). Ethics of AI in Education: Towards a Community-Wide Framework. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 32(3), 504-526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1 The original citation contains a minor error in the author list: 'Shum, S. B.' should be 'Buckingham Shum, S.' as per the publisher and indexing databases. The DOI in the original citation has an erroneous space ('https://doi.org/10.1007/ s40593-021-00239-1') which would break the link; the correct DOI is 'https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-021-00239-1' with no space. All other bibliographic elements (title, year, journal, volume, issue, pages) are correct. These errors are minor and do not impede source identification, but should be corrected for accuracy.	Inconsistent
Izzo, D., Märtens, M. & Pan, B. A survey on artificial intelligence trends in spacecraft guidance dynamics and control. Astrodyn 3, 287-299 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42064-018-0053-6	0Found 0 citations matching Izzo (2019). None of the APA-style citations include the first author name 'Izzo' with year 2019, and no compound citations list Izzo 2019 or an 'et al.' variant for Izzo.	YesA search for the exact title in quotes ("A survey on artificial intelligence trends in spacecraft guidance dynamics and control") returns multiple results confirming the existence of the source. The article is found in the journal Astrodynamics, volume 3, pages 287-299, published in 2019, with the listed authors Dario Izzo, Marcus Märtens, and Binfeng Pan. The DOI (10.1007/s42064-018-0053-6) resolves to the correct article on the publisher's site. Additional confirmation is found on Semantic Scholar and arXiv, which reference the same work and authors. Databases checked include SpringerLink (publisher), arXiv, Semantic Scholar, and Google Scholar. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic verification.	OpenThe article is available as an open-access preprint on arXiv and as a PDF on the ESA website. The publisher's version on Springer is paywalled, but the content is freely accessible through the aforementioned open repositories. No embargo or geographic restrictions were detected for the open versions.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in the peer-reviewed journal Astrodynamics (Astrodyn), volume 3, issue 4, pages 287-299, in 2019. The presence of a DOI, ISSN, and listing in academic databases confirms its status as a journal article. The structure and content are consistent with academic journal publications.	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal (Astrodynamics) by Springer Nature. It includes a structured abstract, literature review, methodology, results, and references. The authors are affiliated with reputable academic and research institutions. The article is indexed in major academic databases and is cited by other scholarly works. Peer review is indicated by the journal's policies and publisher reputation.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Izzo, D., Märtens, M., & Pan, B. (2019). A survey on artificial intelligence trends in spacecraft guidance, dynamics, and control. Astrodynamics, 3, 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42064-018-0053-6 Year should appear in parentheses immediately after the authors, not after the page range. Use an ampersand before the final author’s name; add commas after initials per APA. Journal title should be given in full ("Astrodynamics"), and the volume followed by pages with a comma. Overall punctuation and ordering reflect a non-APA (Nature/Vancouver) style in the original. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Izzo, D., Märtens, M., & Pan, B. (2019). A survey on artificial intelligence trends in spacecraft guidance dynamics and control. Astrodyn, 3, 287–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42064-018-0053-6. The year should appear immediately after the authors, the journal/volume should precede the pages, and author formatting should include the ampersand and commas consistent with the dominant style.	Correct All bibliographic elements match the official publisher record and open-access versions: Author names (Dario Izzo, Marcus Märtens, Binfeng Pan) are correct and in the right order; the title is exact; the journal name (Astrodyn) and volume (3), page range (287-299), and year (2019) are accurate; the DOI is correct and resolves to the article. No discrepancies were found. The citation is fully accurate and complete.	Inconsistent
Kim, N.J., & Kim, M.K. (2022). Teacher's Perceptions of Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Educational Tool for Scientific Writing. Frontiers in Education, 7:755914. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.755914.	1Total matches: 1. APA author–date match found for first author “Kim” and year 2022 in “Kim & Kim (2022)” on page 4. No additional variants, et al., or ibid. references detected. Source ID: ff22a1ee3f0b.	YesThe source exists as confirmed by multiple authoritative platforms. A direct search for the exact title and authors on Google, Semantic Scholar, and the publisher's website (Frontiers in Education) returned the article with matching bibliographic details. The DOI 10.3389/feduc.2022.755914 resolves to the correct article on the Frontiers in Education journal site. The article is also listed in the publication records of the authors' affiliated research groups and is indexed in major academic databases. Databases and platforms checked: Frontiers in Education (publisher), Semantic Scholar, CORE, Consensus, AIEd Lab publications page, Google Scholar. Search queries included the exact title in quotes, author names with keywords, and DOI lookup. All searches were conducted on September 10, 2025. No access limitations were encountered for existence verification.	OpenThe article is published in Frontiers in Education, an open access journal. The full text and PDF are freely available to all users worldwide. No paywall, subscription, or institutional login is required. The article is marked as open access and carries a Creative Commons license, as indicated on the publisher's site.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in Frontiers in Education, a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article has a DOI, is indexed in scholarly databases, and follows the structure of a scientific journal article (abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references). The publisher's domain is .org, and the journal is recognized in the field of education research.	YesThe article is peer-reviewed, as indicated by its publication in Frontiers in Education, a reputable scientific journal. The article includes a structured abstract, clear methodology, results, discussion, and references. Author affiliations are academic, and the article is indexed in major scientific databases. The journal provides submission and acceptance dates, and the article is licensed under a Creative Commons license, further supporting its scientific status.	Correct Contains essential APA elements: authors with initials and ampersand, year in parentheses, article title, journal title, volume with article number, and a DOI. Minor stylistic variations (use of a colon between volume and article number; “doi:” label instead of an https://doi.org/ URL; Title Case vs. sentence case) are acceptable within lenient assessment since all core elements are present and clear. Punctuation order is otherwise consistent with APA conventions. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Correct All bibliographic elements in the provided citation are accurate and match the official record: - Author names: Nam Ju Kim and Min Kyu Kim, order and initials are correct. - Title: 'Teacher's Perceptions of Using an Artificial Intelligence-Based Educational Tool for Scientific Writing' matches exactly, including capitalization and punctuation. - Year: 2022 is correct. - Journal: Frontiers in Education is the correct journal name. - Volume and article number: 7:755914 is accurate (Frontiers journals use article numbers instead of page ranges). - DOI: 10.3389/feduc.2022.755914 is correct and resolves to the article. No discrepancies were found. The citation is fully accurate and complete.	Consistent
Kobayashi VB, Mol ST, Berkers HA, et al. (2017) Text mining in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods 21(3): 733-765.	0Total citations found: 0. APA style match requires first author 'Kobayashi' and year '2017'. None of the 10 extracted citations include 'Kobayashi' or the year 2017, nor any compound or et al./ibid variations referring to this source. Source ID: e497d69bbb67.	YesThe source exists as confirmed by multiple authoritative databases and platforms. Searches were conducted on PubMed, publisher sites, and academic repositories using the exact title 'Text mining in organizational research' and author names 'Kobayashi VB, Mol ST, Berkers HA'. PubMed lists the article with the same title, authors, and publication details, including volume 21, issue 3, pages 733-765, and DOI 10.1177/1094428117722619. The EdTechHub and OpenDevEd libraries also list the article with matching bibliographic details. No discrepancies were found in author order, title, or publication details across sources. Databases checked: PubMed, SAGE Journals, EdTechHub, OpenDevEd, Google Scholar, and publisher's site. Timestamp: September 10, 2025. No access limitations encountered for bibliographic verification.	OpenThe article is openly accessible via PubMed Central (PMCID: PMC5975701), which provides the full text and PDF without paywall or subscription. The publisher's site may require a subscription, but the open access repository ensures unrestricted access. No geographic or institutional restrictions were detected for the PubMed Central version.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in 'Organizational Research Methods', a peer-reviewed academic journal. It has a DOI, ISSN, and is indexed in PubMed and other scholarly databases. The document structure (abstract, methodology, results, references) and publication venue confirm it as a journal article.	YesThe article is published in a reputable, peer-reviewed journal. It includes a structured abstract, clear methodology, results, and references. The journal is indexed in major academic databases, and the article is cited by other scholarly works. Author affiliations are academic, and the article demonstrates methodological rigor typical of scientific research.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Kobayashi, V. B., Mol, S. T., Berkers, H. A., [additional authors as needed]. (2017). Text mining in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 21(3), 733–765. https://doi.org/[DOI] Author names require commas and initials with periods; APA also typically lists all authors (up to 20) rather than using “et al.” in the reference list. Year should be in parentheses followed by a period. Journal details should use commas, not a colon, between issue and pages; include a DOI if available. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Kobayashi, V. B., Mol, S. T., Berkers, H. A., et al. (2017). Text mining in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 21(3), 733–765. The current entry omits commas between surnames and initials, misses the period after the year, and uses a colon instead of a comma before the page range.	Correct All bibliographic elements are accurate: the author names (Kobayashi VB, Mol ST, Berkers HA, et al.), title ('Text mining in organizational research'), publication year (2017, with online publication in August 2017 and print in 2018), journal name (Organizational Research Methods), volume (21), issue (3), and page numbers (733-765) match across all authoritative sources. The use of 'et al.' is appropriate for citation brevity. No discrepancies were found in any element. The citation is fully correct and sufficient for source identification and retrieval.	Inconsistent
Liverpool, L. (2023). AI intensifies fight against 'paper mills' that churn out fake research. Nature, 618(7964), 222-223.	1Found 1 APA-style citation matching Liverpool (2023): a compound parenthetical citation on page 4 that includes “Liverpool, 2023.” Counted once despite multiple works listed in the same parenthesis; no ibid/et al. variants present.	YesThe source exists as confirmed by multiple independent platforms. A search for the exact title in quotes ('AI intensifies fight against 'paper mills' that churn out fake research') and author (L. Liverpool) returns direct matches on Semantic Scholar, Consensus, and institutional websites. The citation is also referenced in secondary literature discussing the topic of paper mills, with full bibliographic details matching the query. The Nature journal's volume (618), issue (7964), and page numbers (222-223) are consistently cited across these sources. Databases checked include Semantic Scholar, Consensus, institutional repositories, and Google Scholar. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data, though full text is paywalled.	RestrictedThe article is published in Nature, which is a subscription-based journal. Access to the full text and PDF requires a personal or institutional subscription. The abstract and bibliographic information are freely available, but the complete article is paywalled. No open-access or green OA version was found. No geographic restrictions were detected, but paywall applies globally.	News ArticleThe article is published in Nature, but it is not a peer-reviewed research article. It is a news feature or news article, as indicated by its short length (2 pages), journal section, and content style. The article discusses trends and issues in scientific publishing rather than presenting original research. This is further supported by the absence of a structured abstract, methods, or results section, and by the author (Layal Liverpool) being a science journalist.	NoThe article is not a scientific research paper. It is a news feature written by a journalist, summarizing developments and expert opinions on the topic of paper mills and AI in publishing. There is no evidence of peer review, original data, or scientific methodology. While it appears in a reputable scientific journal, it is not itself a scientific source but rather science journalism.	Correct Conforms to APA: author with initial, year in parentheses, article title in sentence case, journal title in title case, volume(issue), and page range. Quotation marks within the title reflect the article’s original title and are acceptable. DOI is optional; the entry is sufficient for identification as is. Consistent This source follows the dominant bibliographic pattern used throughout the paper	Correct All bibliographic elements match the official record: Author (L. Liverpool), year (2023), title ('AI intensifies fight against 'paper mills' that churn out fake research'), journal (Nature), volume (618), issue (7964), and page numbers (222-223). The citation is complete and accurate. No discrepancies were found in author name, title, publication year, journal details, or pagination. The citation follows standard referencing conventions for a news article in Nature. Confidence in verification is high.	Consistent
Nakagawa S, Samarasinghe G, Haddaway NR, et al. (2019) Research weaving: visualizing the future of research synthesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34(3): 224-238.	0No citations matched Nakagawa (2019). Searched for first author 'Nakagawa' and year 2019 across all extracted APA-style citations; none contained the author/year combination or 'et al.' variants referring to Nakagawa.	YesThe source exists and is verifiable across multiple reputable databases and platforms. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Elsevier, institutional repositories, and Google Scholar using the exact title ('Research weaving: visualizing the future of research synthesis'), author names (Nakagawa S, Samarasinghe G, Haddaway NR), and journal details (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2019, 34(3): 224-238). The article is indexed in PubMed (PMID: 30580972), Elsevier/ScienceDirect, and is referenced in institutional repositories and author publication lists. The DOI 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.007 is consistently associated with this article. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic data, and the citation is confirmed by multiple independent sources.	RestrictedThe official publisher version on Elsevier/ScienceDirect is behind a paywall and requires a subscription or institutional access. However, open access versions (author manuscripts or accepted versions) are available via institutional repositories and author websites. These are green open access copies, not the final publisher PDF. No embargo is currently noted for these versions. The PubMed entry provides only the abstract, not full text.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in 'Trends in Ecology & Evolution,' a peer-reviewed scientific journal. It has a DOI, is indexed in PubMed and other academic databases, and follows the structure of a research article (abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references). The presence of volume, issue, and page numbers further confirms its status as a journal article.	YesThe article is published in a high-impact, peer-reviewed scientific journal (Trends in Ecology & Evolution). It includes a structured abstract, methodology, results, and references. The authors are affiliated with academic institutions, and the article is indexed in major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus). The content is methodological and conceptual, focusing on research synthesis frameworks, and is supported by citations and data visualization.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Nakagawa, S., Samarasinghe, G., Haddaway, N. R., [additional authors as needed]. (2019). Research weaving: Visualizing the future of research synthesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(3), 224–238. https://doi.org/[DOI] Author formatting needs commas and initials with periods; APA reference lists typically include all authors up to 20 rather than “et al.” Year should be in parentheses followed by a period. Journal details should use commas rather than a colon before the page range; include a DOI if available. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Nakagawa, S., Samarasinghe, G., Haddaway, N. R., et al. (2019). Research weaving: visualizing the future of research synthesis. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 34(3), 224–238. The entry lacks commas between surnames and initials, misses the period after the year, and uses a colon instead of a comma before the pages.	Correct All bibliographic elements are accurate: - Authors: Shinichi Nakagawa, Gihan Samarasinghe, Neal R. Haddaway, et al. (the use of 'et al.' is appropriate for citation style and matches the full author list in the article) - Title: 'Research weaving: visualizing the future of research synthesis' matches exactly - Year: 2019 is correct (Epub ahead of print in December 2018, but official issue is March 2019) - Journal: 'Trends in Ecology & Evolution' is correct - Volume/Issue: 34(3) is correct - Pages: 224-238 is correct - DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.007 is correct No discrepancies were found in author order, title, or publication details. The citation is fully accurate and sufficient for locating the source.	Inconsistent
Pinzolits R. (2023). AI in academia: An overview of selected tools and their areas of application . MAP Education and Humanities, 4, 37-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2023.4.37.	0Source ID: 02076d0cde9f. APA style match on first author 'Pinzolits' and year 2023. Reviewed all 10 extracted citations; none mention Pinzolits (2023), any 'et al.' variant with Pinzolits, or a compound citation including Pinzolits 2023. Therefore, total matches = 0.	YesThe source was found on multiple platforms, including the official MAP Education and Humanities journal website, which lists the article as a review paper authored by Pinzolits R. in volume 4, pages 37-50, published in 2023. The DOI provided (https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2023.4.37) resolves directly to the article's landing page. Additional references to the article appear in academic guides and summaries, confirming its existence and bibliographic details. Searches were conducted on Google Scholar, the publisher's website (mapub.org), and citation databases. No access limitations were encountered during verification. Timestamp: 2025-09-10.	OpenThe article is freely available from the publisher's website and via the DOI link. No paywall, subscription, or institutional login is required. The PDF is openly accessible, and the article is labeled as open access on the publisher's site. No geographic restrictions were detected.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in MAP Education and Humanities, a peer-reviewed academic journal. The article is listed as a 'review paper' with standard journal formatting, including abstract, keywords, and references. The presence of a DOI, volume, issue, and page numbers further confirms its classification as a journal article.	YesThe article is published in a peer-reviewed academic journal and is described as a review paper. It includes an abstract, keywords, structured sections, and a reference list. The publisher's website indicates peer review, and the article discusses methodology and ethical considerations. The author's academic affiliation is provided, supporting its scientific credibility.	Correct Core APA elements are present: author with initial, year in parentheses, article title, journal title, volume, page range, and DOI URL. Minor stylistic issues (an extra space before the period in the title and use of the “doi:” label before a DOI in URL form) do not impede APA compliance under a lenient assessment. Punctuation and ordering otherwise follow APA conventions. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Pinzolits, R. (2023). AI in academia: An overview of selected tools and their areas of application. MAP Education and Humanities, 4, 37–50. https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2023.4.37. The entry is missing the comma after the author surname, has an extra space before the period in the title, and redundantly prefixes the DOI with 'doi:' alongside the https URL.	Correct All bibliographic elements match the source exactly: Author name (Pinzolits R.), publication year (2023), full and accurate title, journal name (MAP Education and Humanities), volume (4), page range (37-50), and DOI (https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2373.2023.4.37). The citation is complete and follows standard academic conventions. No discrepancies were found in author spelling, title wording, or publication details. Confidence in verification is high.	Inconsistent
Prunkl, C. E. A., Ashurst, C., Anderljung, M., Webb, H., Leike, J., & Dafoe, A. (2021). Institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104-110. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y.	1Found 1 citation matching Prunkl (2021): an APA author–date citation using the 'et al.' form on page 4. No other citations combine the first author 'Prunkl' with year 2021; other 2021 entries (e.g., Holmes et al.) do not match.	YesA search for the exact title in quotes ("Institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements") returns multiple authoritative results, including the official publisher (Nature Machine Intelligence), university research portals, and references in other academic documents. The citation appears in the Oxford Computer Science publications database, Utrecht University's research portal, and is referenced in a Partnership on AI report. The DOI (10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y) resolves to the correct article on the Nature Machine Intelligence website. The publication year (2021), volume (3), issue (2), and page numbers (104-110) are consistent across all sources. No alternate versions, translations, or reprints were found. Searches were conducted on Google Scholar, publisher's site, university repositories, and cross-referenced with citing papers. Search queries included the full title, author combinations, and DOI. Searches performed on September 10, 2025. No access limitations encountered for bibliographic data.	RestrictedThe article is published in Nature Machine Intelligence, which is a subscription-based journal. The landing page and abstract are freely accessible, but full text and PDF access require a subscription or institutional login. No open access or green OA version was found. No evidence of a bronze or hybrid OA status for this article. Attempts to access the full article from multiple locations (publisher, DOI, university portals) all resulted in a paywall.	Journal ArticleThe source is published in Nature Machine Intelligence, a peer-reviewed academic journal. The citation includes volume, issue, and page numbers, and the article is indexed in academic databases. The publisher is Springer Nature, a reputable academic publisher. The document structure, author affiliations, and presence of a DOI further confirm it as a journal article.	YesThe article is published in a high-impact, peer-reviewed scientific journal (Nature Machine Intelligence). The journal is indexed in major academic databases (Scopus, Web of Science). The article includes multiple academic authors with institutional affiliations, a structured abstract, references, and is cited in other scholarly works. The publisher's site indicates peer review. The article discusses governance and ethics in AI with reference to empirical and theoretical frameworks, consistent with scientific standards.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Prunkl, C. E. A., Ashurst, C., Anderljung, M., Webb, H., Leike, J., & Dafoe, A. (2021). Institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y Contains an extra space in the DOI URL ("https:// doi.org/") which breaks the hyperlink in APA. All other APA elements (authors with ampersand, year in parentheses, article title, journal details) are correctly present. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Prunkl, C. E. A., Ashurst, C., Anderljung, M., Webb, H., Leike, J., & Dafoe, A. (2021). Institutionalizing ethics in AI through broader impact requirements. Nature Machine Intelligence, 3(2), 104–110. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y. The DOI has an erroneous space after 'https://', breaking the link.	Correct All bibliographic elements match the official record: Author names (C. E. A. Prunkl, C. Ashurst, M. Anderljung, H. Webb, J. Leike, A. Dafoe) are correct and in the right order; the title is exact; publication year (2021), journal name (Nature Machine Intelligence), volume (3), issue (2), and page range (104-110) are accurate; the DOI (10.1038/s42256-021-00298-y) is correct and resolves to the article. No discrepancies found. The citation is fully accurate and complete.	Inconsistent
Russell, S. J., Norvig, P. (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 3rd ed. Pearson Education, Inc.	0Source ID d9eee93939a7 (Russell & Norvig, 2009) was not cited in the provided APA-style citations. No entries contained the author name 'Russell' (or minor variants) with the year 2009, and no matching 'et al.' or 'ibid.' references were present.	YesA search for the exact title "Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach" by Russell and Norvig yields multiple authoritative results confirming the existence of the book. Google Books lists the third edition with the correct authors, publisher (Pearson), and publication year (2016 for the international edition, 2009 for the US edition)[2]. BooksRun and Goodreads also confirm the book's existence and details[3][5]. The publisher's website and academic reviews further corroborate the source. Searches were conducted on Google Books, publisher sites, academic library catalogs, and review platforms. No access limitations were encountered for bibliographic information.	RestrictedThe third edition is not open access. Google Books provides a preview, but full access requires purchase or institutional subscription[2]. Publisher sites and retailers offer the book for sale. No open license or free full-text version is available. Library access is possible for registered users.	BookThe source is a textbook published by Pearson Education, authored by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig. It is not a journal article, book chapter, or other format. All bibliographic databases and publisher listings confirm it as a monograph (textbook). ISBN and publisher details are present.	YesThe book is widely recognized as a scientific source. It is used as a standard textbook in university-level AI courses, authored by leading experts with academic affiliations. It contains rigorous methodology, comprehensive references, and is cited extensively in scholarly literature. While textbooks are not peer-reviewed in the same way as journal articles, this book is considered authoritative and foundational in the field.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2009). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. Authors should be joined with an ampersand (&) in APA when there are two authors. Book title should be in sentence case (only the first word and proper nouns capitalized); edition in parentheses immediately after the title. Punctuation order should place the edition in parentheses before the period. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2009). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. The entry is missing the ampersand before the final author and the edition is more consistently formatted in parentheses per the dominant style.	Correct All bibliographic elements match the source: Author names (Stuart J. Russell, Peter Norvig), title (Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach), edition (3rd), publisher (Pearson Education, Inc.), and publication year (2009 for US edition, 2016 for international edition). The citation provided is accurate and sufficient for locating the source. Minor variations in year may occur due to international editions, but the 2009 US edition is correct for the citation as given.	Inconsistent
Stracquadanio, G., La Ferla, A., De Felice, M., Nicosia, G. (2011). Design of robust space trajectories. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 341-354.	0Found 0 citations. Searched for APA-style matches to first author 'Stracquadanio' and year '2011' across all extracted citations; none contained this author/year, including compound citations. No 'et al.' or 'ibid.' references linked to this source.	YesThe source exists and is referenced in multiple reputable academic databases and author profiles. Searches were conducted on DBLP, Google Scholar, and the University of Essex repository using the exact title and author names. All platforms returned records for 'Design of Robust Space Trajectories' authored by Giovanni Stracquadanio, Angelo La Ferla, Matteo De Felice, and Giuseppe Nicosia, published in 2011. DBLP specifically lists the paper as part of the SGAI Conference 2011, pages 341-354, matching the citation details. Google Scholar and author websites also confirm the title, authors, and conference venue. No significant access limitations were encountered, but full bibliographic details (editors, publisher) are not always present in every database.	RestrictedThe source is not openly accessible. All found links lead to bibliographic records or abstracts, not the full text. No open access or green OA version was identified. Access to the full paper would likely require institutional subscription or direct contact with the authors or conference organizers.	Conference PaperThe source is consistently listed as a conference paper in the proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (SGAI 2011). DBLP, Google Scholar, and author websites all classify it as a conference publication, with page numbers matching the citation.	YesThe source meets scientific criteria: it is published in peer-reviewed conference proceedings, authored by academics with institutional affiliations, and indexed in major computer science databases (DBLP, Google Scholar). The abstract and publication venue indicate a structured scientific contribution. The SGAI conference is a recognized academic event in artificial intelligence.	Incorrect The correct format should be: Stracquadanio, G., La Ferla, A., De Felice, M., & Nicosia, G. (2011). Design of robust space trajectories. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (pp. 341–354). For multiple authors, APA requires an ampersand before the last author. Use “In Proceedings of …” (without a colon) and present pages as (pp. x–y) in APA. Title should be in sentence case; including publisher or conference organizer is recommended when available. Inconsistent The correct format should be: Stracquadanio, G., La Ferla, A., De Felice, M., & Nicosia, G. (2011). Design of robust space trajectories. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence, pp. 341–354. Proceedings entries in the dominant style include 'pp.' before the page range and use an en dash for the page span; this entry omits 'pp.' and uses a hyphen.	Partially Correct The correct citation should be: Stracquadanio, G., La Ferla, A., De Felice, M., Nicosia, G. (2011). Design of Robust Space Trajectories. In: Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (SGAI 2011), pp. 341-354. The original citation is mostly accurate but omits the official conference abbreviation (SGAI 2011) and does not specify editors or publisher, which are standard in full conference citations. The title, author order, year, and page numbers are correct. The lack of publisher and editors is a minor error that does not impede source location but affects formal completeness.	Inconsistent